High myopia has become the first blinding eye disease in Chinese. Primary and secondary school students are the window period of myopia development.

Therefore, the prevention and control of myopia is very important. This paper introduces the epidemiology of myopia and the hazards, causes and regularities of myopia. The upper and lower hemispheric contrast patterns help to understand the mechanism of myopia, especially ocular muscle accommodation, and axial compensation mechanisms in the near-seeing. A meta-analysis of clinical trials to assess how effective the prevention and control of myopia is also introduced. Errors of the prevention and control of myopia is warned. The new pattern of comprehensive prevention and control of myopia is proposed. (Ophthalmol CHN, 2017, 26: 220-222)