Abstract: Posterior capsular opacification (PCO) is a most common complication of modern cataract surgery. The prevention of PCO is the key to ensure longterm efficacy of cataract surgery. The proliferation, migration, and epithelial mesenchymal transition of intraoperative residual lens epithelial cells are cellular basis of PCO. Transforming growth factor β（TGF-β）participates in the development of PCO by regulating lens epithelial cells proliferation, migration, differentiation and apoptosis. It is envisaged that the regulation of TGF-β, TGF-β receptor and its downstream pathway (Smad proteins and matrix metalloproteinases) can prevent PCO. By the means of conjunctival sac daub and anterior chamber injection, TGF-β antibodies, matrix metalloproteinase inhibitors and connective tissue growth factor antisense oligonucleotides or specific antibodies may become the new ways of preventing PCO.   (Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2013, 37: 335-339)