Abstract: Diabetic macular edema (DME) is the leading cause of vision loss in patients with diabetic retinopathy (DR) and can occur at any stage of DR. The treatment of DME remains a challenge due to its complex pathogenesis. When DR progresses to vitreous hemorrhage or retinal detachment, vitrectomy (par plana vitrectomy (PPV)) is often required, after which the inflammatory factors and pharmacokinetics in the vitreous cavity are altered, and adjustment of the dose and injection interval of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) may be required for DME after PPV.  Intravitreal injections of anti-inflammatory drugs or anti-VEGF combined with anti-inflammatory drug therapy should be the first choice of treatment for DME after PPV. Currently, there are fewer reports in the literature and studies on the treatment options for DME after PPV, and there is a lack of relevant treatment consensus. (Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2025, 49:  124-128)

Key words: diabetic macular edema, par plana vitrectomy