Abstract: Toxic Anterior Segment Syndrome (TASS) is an acute, non-infectious inflammatory condition of the anterior segment, predominantly occurring after anterior segment surgery (with cataract surgery being the most common cause). It typically develops within 12-48 hours postoperatively, presenting with diffuse corneal edema and sterile anterior chamber inflammation, while notably sparing posterior segment structures (e.g. the vitreous). It can be differentiated from postoperative infectious endophthalmitis. The pathogenesis of TASS involves multiple factors, including residual toxic contaminants from inadequate surgical instrument sterilization, improper use of intraocular medications or irrigating solutions, and patient-related factors, such as systemic diseases. The primary treatment involves topical corticosteroids, with surgical intervention required in severe cases. This article provides a comprehensive review of TASS, covering its etiology, clinical manifestations, pathophysiological mechanisms, diagnostic criteria, differential diagnosis, treatment, and preventive strategies.

Key words: Toxic anterior segment syndrome, Clinical presentation, Non-infectious inflammation