Abstract: Organoids, as three\|dimensional in vitro multicellular micro\|models that recapitulate the complex structure and physiological functions of native organs, have become essential tools in life sciences and translational medicine. Ocular organoids, by reconstructing three\|dimensional human ocular tissues in vitro, provide a critical platform for investigating the mechanisms of ocular diseases, drug screening, and regenerative medicine. In recent years, ocular organoid technology has successfully replicated the developmental processes and complex structures of various ocular tissues, such as the retina and cornea, thereby advancing both fundamental research and clinical translation. This article systematically summarizes the technical advances in this field, including culture protocols for multiple cell sources, innovative induction strategies, and emerging engineering\|medical integration approaches for optimization. It further reviews the clinical applications prospects of eye organoids in disease modeling, drug development, and regenerative medicine. In addition, the challenges currently faced in the field—such as heterogeneity control, complex structural recapitulation, and large\|scale production—as well as future directions are discussed, providing a reference for further progress and innovation in this area.

Key words: Eye organoid, Artificial intelligence, 3D bioprinting, Microfluidic organ-on-a-chip