Abstract: Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) have become the core of the research on seed cells. The cells can be obtained by puncturing conveniently. It brings little injury and less complications in the process of the puncture. In addition, the cells can be cultured easily and proliforate rapidly. In vivo and in vitro, it has the advantages of multi-directional differentiation potential under the specific environment. In recent years, most researches focused on the identification and cultivation,  differentiation,  biological characteristics,  and homing mechanism of BMSCs and its application of the treatment of refractory diseases (such as systemic lupus erythematosus,     myelodysplastic syndrome, femoral head necrosis, etc.). However, the research on the immune regulation mechanism of BMSCs is still on a preliminary stage, especially its application in ophthalmopathy.