Abstract: Pathological myopia is an illness with diopter more than -600 D with the developing diopter  and  prolonging ocular axis progressively. Many patients complicate with macular hemorrhage, retinal detachment, and choroid neovascularization. It is a serious disease which can cause blindness. Thus the study of its etiology and pathogenesis has far\|reaching significance. However, scholars have not yet reached a consensus. Most scholars believe that the occurrence and development of pathological myopia is related to both genetic factors and environmental factors. The discovery of multiple pathological myopia related genes  （such as MYP1~MYP5, MYP11~MYP13, MYP15~MYP16) marks that its etiology research has developed to the genetic level. In addition, the study has found that signaling pathways, such as TGF-β-Smad, HGF-c-Met, Stat3, IGF relative, NO-cGMP, and Shh, play the important role in the pathogenesis of pathological myopia.