Table of Content

22 December 2013, Volume 37 Issue 6

Previous Issue    Next Issue

Treatment updates of dry agerelated macular degeneration

ZHANG Gu-Mu-Yang, CHEN You-Xin

2013, 37(6):  361-366.  doi:10.3706/ cma. j. issn.1673-5803. 2013.06.001

Asbtract ( 1274 )   PDF (926KB) ( 2098 )  

Related Articles | Metrics

Agerelated macular degeneration (AMD) is one of the leading causes of blindness in the population aged  50 or more Research progress in the pathogenesis of dry AMD provides many new therapeutic targets. Drugs now under investigation mainly target at inhibition of inflammation, prevention of photoreceptor and retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) loss, decreasing accumulation of toxic byproducts, enhancement of choroid blood supply and ameliorating oxidative stress injury. Besides, stem cell has become a new paradigm for developing therapies for dry AMD.  (Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2013, 37: 361-366)

Machnisim and treatment of proliferative vitreoretinopathy

MIAO Jing-Peng, WEI Wen-Bin

2013, 37(6):  367-373.  doi:10.3706/ cma. j. issn.1673-5803. 2013.06.002

Asbtract ( 1067 )  

Related Articles | Metrics

Proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR) is a  common complication of rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD) surgery. PVR is caused by the complex pathologic reactions involving variety of cell componets, vitreous, extracellular matrix, and soluble  autocrine or paracrine cell factors. Glial cells, retinal pigment epithelium(RPE) cells, RPEderived cells, fibroblasts cells, fibroblastlike cells and macrophage  cells are believed to assume an important roles in the etiology and progression of PVR. Compared with the cell components and extracellular matrix, the cell factors such as pigment epithelium derived factor (PEDF), monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), tumor necrosis factor\|α(TNF\|α), tumor necrosis factor receptors (TNFRs), plateletderived growth factors (PDGFs) and plateletderived growth factor receptor (PFGFR) are not neglectable. The relative cell biology and molecular machenisms with PVR are still elucidated.  Clinical intervention before PVR developing are focusing as one of the promising avenues for the pervention and treatment of PVR. Clinical trials on the clinical efficacy of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU),  lowmolecularweight heparin (LMWH), daunorubicin, and 13cisretinoic acid for PVR have yielded diverse results.  (Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2013, 37: 367-373)

The role of SIRT1 in the pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy

LIU Shu-Lin, CHEN You-Xin

2013, 37(6):  374-378.  doi:10.3706/cma. j. issn.1673-5803.2013.06.003

Asbtract ( 1253 )  

Related Articles | Metrics

The class III Histone deacetylases silent information regulator 1 (SIRT1) plays crucial roles in the development of diabetic retinopathy(DR). SIRT1 may influence the course of DR through inhibiting the inflammatory response, the retinal cells damages induced by oxidative stress, and the apoptosis of retinal cells, and influencing  the producting of VEGF, and then affecting the development and progression of DR. Currently several resveratrol products, which are SIRT1 activators, have been in clinical trials for the treatment of type 2 diabetes, and their efficacies still need to be further evaluated.  (Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2013, 37: 374-378)

Functions of microRNA in pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy

XIONG Fen, WU Qiang

2013, 37(6):  379-383.  doi:10.3706/ cma. j. issn.1673-5803. 2013.06.004

Asbtract ( 1137 )  

Related Articles | Metrics

MicroRNAs are a class of small noncoding RNAs with highly conserved sequence which mediate repression or degradation of protein expression through matching with the target mRNAs at the post transcriptional level. They play an important role in almost all the physiological and pathological processes. Increasing evidence had revealed that aberrant microRNA expression profile can play a vital role in the pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy(DR). MicroRNAs may play diverse roles in diverse DR pathogenesis, including inflammation, neovascularization and apoptosis under different conditions of stimulation. Generaly, microRNAs regulate proteincoding genes by base pairing to the 3' untranslated region (3' UTR) of target mRNAs in DR such as NFκB, HIF1/VEGF, p53.Exploring the role of intersection between microRNAs and DR will not only enrich the pathogenesis of DR, but also provide us with new breakthrough for DR’s prevention and early treatment.  (Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2013, 37: 379-383)

Progress of epigenetic research on  uveal melanoma

LI Yi-Feng, WEI Wen-Bin

2013, 37(6):  384-387.  doi:10.3706/ cma. j. issn.1673-5803.2013.06.005

Asbtract ( 1060 )  

Related Articles | Metrics

Epigenetics refers to the study of heritable changes in gene function or chromosome expression that occur without a change in the sequence of the DNA. The abnormal epigenetic expression plays an important role in the tumor development. Uveal melanoma is the most common intraocular malignant tumor in adults. The emerging emphasis on epigenetic mechanisms in the studies of this disease represents a new research direction.  Relevant researches show that the abnormal epigenetic expression of DNA, such as methylation, histone modification, and miRNA misexpression may have some type of correlational relationships with the development of uveal melanoma.  These findings may provide new possibilities for early diagnosis, treatment, and sequela prevention of uveal melanoma. (Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2013, 37: 384-387)

Diurnal intraocular pressure fluctuations of glaucoma

LIU Ai-Hua, JI Jian

2013, 37(6):  388-391.  doi:10.3706/ cma. j. issn.1673-5803.2013.06.006

Asbtract ( 1531 )  

Related Articles | Metrics

Pathological ocular phypertension and larger diurnal fluctuation of intraocular pressure (IOP) are important risk factors of the progressive damages of glaucomatous vision field. In normal person, the IOP is fluctuant during 24 hours and the peak is in the early morning. The diurnal IOP fluctuation is associated with postures, eye perfusion pressure, axial lengths and so on. The IOP fluctuations is very important risk factors for the progressive damage of vision field in the patients with normaltension glaucoma, who usually showed abnormal IOP by 24hour intraocular monitoring and then can be  diagnosed and treated according to the curve of diurnal IOP. In primary open angle glaucoma patients, the regular pattern of the diurnal IOP fluctuation is similar to that of normal people, the pressure peak is also in the night, but diurnal IOP range is probably wider and the fluctuation of both eyes is obviously consistent. In chronic angleclosure glaucoma patients after laser peripheral iridotomy, the diurnal IOP fluctuation is larger, and positively associated with the baseline pressure and the degree of angle adhesion. Compared with laser and drugs, trabeculectomy is more advantageous to the longtime IOP and diurnal IOP fluctuation controlling. Prostaglandin analog is the best medicine choice for the controlling of the diurnal IOP fluctuations. (Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2013, 37: 388-391，396)

Update research  on limbal stem cell niche

YAN Chen-Xi, FU Yao, FAN Xian-Qun

2013, 37(6):  392-396.  doi:10.3706/ cma. j. issn.1673-5803. 2013.06.007

Asbtract ( 1178 )  

Related Articles | Metrics

The renewal and healing of corneal epithelial  depend on the normal function of the corneal limbal stem cells(LSC). The proliferation and stemness of corneal LSC are affected by the homeostasis of LSC niche. Recent study show that LSC niche, includes the 3\|D structure of the stem cell niche, and cell types, cytocine in the stem cell niche; and the specific basement menbrane of limbal. In which,  extracellular matrix and interactions between stem cells and niche cells are important to the regulate of the LSC. Construct the tissue  engineering coma by stimulating the limbal epithelial stem cell niche is significant to bring the hope for patients in need. (Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2013, 37: 392-396)


Lacritin protein and dry eye

ZHAO Shuai, GAO Wei

2013, 37(6):  397-399.  doi:10.3706/ cma. j. issn.1673-5803.2013.06.008

Asbtract ( 1117 )  

Related Articles | Metrics

Dry eye has become the most common ocular surface diseases，which etiological factors and pathogenesis are still unclear. The current clinical and animal experiments show that tear component changes play an important role in dry eye. The decreased content of Lacritin protein is consistent with its pathogenesis and clinical manifestation in the tear of dry eye patients. Lacritin protein changes may provide a new idea for dry eye.  (Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2013, 37: 397-399)

Mycotoxins and  fungal infection of cornea

WU Fu-Jin, HU Jian-Zhang, HAN Xiao-Li

2013, 37(6):  400-403.  doi:10.3706/ cma. j. issn.1673-5803. 2013.06.009

Asbtract ( 919 )  

Related Articles | Metrics

Mycotoxins are secondary metabolites  produced by the toxigenic fungi in suitable environmental conditions,  the main toxicity of which are carcinogenesis, genotoxicity, teratogenesis, hepatotoxicity and immunosuppression. After fungal infects the cornea, it may release mycotoxins to cause corneal damage. However what roles do the mycotoxins play in fungal keratitis is still unclear.  The  biosynthesis of mycotoxinis is regulated by a series of related function genes; in addition, pH value, carbon nitrogen ratio and other environmental conditions are the influence factors as well. This article reviews the common  harms, regulatory factors and their possible roles in the occurrence and development of keratomycosis.  (Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2013, 37: 400-403)

Relationship of clusterin with eye diseases

LIU Guo-Dong, FENG Le, WANG Fang

2013, 37(6):  403-406.  doi:10.3706/ cma. j. issn.1673-5803.2013.06.010

Asbtract ( 1041 )  

Related Articles | Metrics

 As a kind of multifunctional secreted glycoprotein, clusterin exists in different tissues of  human body and plays many physiological functions which show as its protective effects to retinal vascular endothelial cells and retinal pigment epithelial  (RPE) cells by reducing apoptosis. Besides, it can increase the synthesis of atresia zonule, and then promote the  proliferation  of corneal epithelial cell, and induce the differentiation of astrocytes and neurons. So a certain concentration of clusterin is necessary to maintaining normal stable structures of retina and conjunctival epithelial cells. In view of the important role of clusterin on the stable  maintaining of blood\|retinal barrier and ocular surface structure which is identified as the effective target of medicine for treating diabetic retinopathy (DR)  and age\|related macular degeneration (AMD), etc., and  also provide a new thought and method for the anterior segment diseases treatment, such as pseudoexfoliation glaucoma, Stevens syndrome, etc. (Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2013, 37: 403-406)

Epidemiological study status of  astigmatism in children

LI Chun-Chun, CHEN Xin-Hong, CHEN Yan-Yan

2013, 37(6):  407-410.  doi:10.3706/ cma. j. issn.1673-5803. 2013.06.011

Asbtract ( 1062 )  

Related Articles | Metrics

Astigmatism has become one of the main reasons affecting children’s visual health. In recent years, epidemiological studies of  astigmatism in children have showed that there are large differences among different countries, regions, and races in the prevalence of astigmatism, such as higher in Singapore and China Taiwan, and the mailand in China; lower in European countries. Most of  surveys  show that withtherule astigmatism is the main type astigmatism in  children. Related study found that genetic factors, nearwork, race, age, spherical refractive error and other factors influenced on the astigmatism state in children.  (Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2013, 37: 407-410)

Research progress of small incision lenticule extraction(SMILE)

LI Xiao-Jing, WANG Yan

2013, 37(6):  411-414.  doi:10. 3706/ cma. j. issn.1673-5803. 2013.06.012

Asbtract ( 1037 )  

Related Articles | Metrics

Small incision lenticule extraction（SMILE）has been used in clinical practice recently. The advantages of SMILE are thought as cutting  fewer  corneal nerves off, reducing the causes of dry eye, and improving visual quality after surgery,  which can be attributed to its features of small incision and lack of flaps. But it is still in an exploratory stage because of the short practice time in clinic. The surgery  processes, clinical effect, advantages and disadvantages of SMILE are summarized in this review.  (Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2013, 37: 411-414)

Adverse events of Sildenafil (Viagra) on visual function

ZHENG Lei, ZHANG Fu-Yan, WEN Jia-Min

2013, 37(6):  415-418.  doi:10.3706/ cma. j. issn.1673-5803.2013.06.013

Asbtract ( 2308 )  

Related Articles | Metrics

Sildenafil (Viagra) is a selective inhibitor of PDE5, which used for the treatment of men with erectile dysfunction. The common side effects of Sildenafil have been reported  including facial flushing, headache and nasal hemorrhage. And the adverse events of Sildenafil in ocular are including branch retinal arterial obstruction(BRAO), proliferative diabetic retinopathy(PDR), nonarteritic anterior ischemic opticneuropathy(NAION), and central serous chorioretinopathy(CSC), etc.  (Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2013, 37: 415-418)

The role of orbital fibroblasts in the pathogenesis of thyroidassociated ophthalmopathy

DUAN Chun-Qing, SUN Bin

2013, 37(6):  419-423.  doi:10.3706/ cma. j. issn.1673-5803.2013.06.014

Asbtract ( 1058 )  

Related Articles | Metrics

Pathogenesis of thyroid associated ophthahnopathy(TAO) is still unclear. Studies showed that orbital fibroblasts were not only the target cells but also the effector  in the autoimmune response of TAO. The orbital fibroblasts, through their autoantibodies expression and oxidative stress reaction,  might play the important role  during the occurrence and development of TAO.   Based on the relative studies, the new potential pathway of clinical pharmacotherapy for TAO may be explored.  (Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2013, 37: 419-423)

Hydrogen medicine and associated research in ophthalmology

YOU Yu-Xia, LI Jian-Jun, MA Ke

2013, 37(6):  424-428.  doi:10.3706/ cma. j. issn.1673-5803.2013.06.015

Asbtract ( 1067 )  

Related Articles | Metrics

Hydrogen has the properties of antioxidant, antiapoptotic, antiinflammatory, antiallergic. The antioxidant property of hydrogen is through selectively eliminating hydroxyl radicals. Animal experiment studies have confirmed that hydrogen has the neuroprotective effects on retinal ischemiareperfusion injury, and the protective effects of hydrogen on hyperoxiainduced retinopathy, blue lightinduced retinal damage and diabetic retinopathy. The inhibited effect on the corneal neovascularization  induced by alkaliburn  in rats has been also proven. (Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2013, 37: 424-428)