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Morphological changes of the Schlemm canal in glaucoma patients Zhao Mian, Ye Wenqing, Liang Yuanbo International Review of Ophthalmology    2025, 49 (1): 1-7.   DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.cn115500-20241115-01001 Abstract （742）      PDF（pc） （805KB）（277）       Knowledge map    Save Schlemm canal is a circular tubular structure surrounding the trabecular meshwork around the limbus, which has a different morphological changes ( diameter and area ) in different states and different quadrants. For example, the study showed that the diameter and area of Schlemm canal decreased significantly with age, and the nasal side of Schlemm canal area was greater than the temporal side in normal adults. However, the diameter and area of Schlemm canal in high myopia were significantly larger than that of the normal control group, and the area of Schlemm canal in glaucoma patients was significantly smaller than that of normal subjects. As an important part of the aqueous drainage channel, the measurement of Schlemm canal morphological parameters has been paid great attention by researchers. The measurement methods have been developed from light microscope and electron microscope to ultrasound biological microscopy and optical coherence tomography. Previous studies have reported that the parameters of Schlemm canal in glaucoma patients was significantly smaller than that of normal subjects, as well as glaucoma treatment, such as medication, laser and surgical, can alter the microstructure of the Schlemm canal. (Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2025, 49:  1-7) Related Articles | Metrics

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Mechanism of low-intensity red light therapy in regulating axial elongation Wang Yumo, Sun Hongyan, Lin Hongzhan, Yang Mingming International Review of Ophthalmology    2024, 48 (6): 426-432.   Abstract （647）            Knowledge map    Save Myopia has become an urgent problem in global public health. Low-intensity red light therapy has been shown to be effective in delaying axial elongation in a non-invasive manner, but its mechanism remains unclear. Low-intensity red light therapy is based on the principle that specific molecules absorb photons and respond to light signals, resulting in changes in the electronic excited state of molecules, temporarily changing their structure and function, and achieving highly specific and targeted biological regulation. The regulation of axial length involves a complex cascade of reactions that begins in the retina and affects the sclera. Light exposure is closely related to axial elongation. Previous studies have indicated that the visual stimulation elicited by low-intensity red light is received by retinal neurons and generates signals, which are transduced through the retinal pigment epithelium and choroid to the sclera, leading to the release of neurotransmitters, alterations in choroidal blood flow, and scleral remodeling. This review explores the relationship between low-intensity red light therapy and axial regulation, investigating the mechanisms by which low-intensity red light slows down axial growth. (Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2024, 48:  426-432) Related Articles | Metrics

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Anti-VEGF drugs for fundus neovascular diseases Hou Huimin, Chang Xueke, Jin Yujia, Song Zongming International Review of Ophthalmology    2024, 48 (6): 464-470.   DOI: 10.3760/ cma.j.issn.1673-5803.2024.06.013 Abstract （567）            Knowledge map    Save Retinal neovascularization is a type of ophthalmic disease that involves abnormal proliferation of retinal and choroidal blood vessels. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) plays a key role in the pathogenesis of fundus neovascular diseases. Anti-VEGF drugs (such as pegatinib, bevacizumab, ranibizumab, busizumab, aflibercept, conbercept, fariximab, etc) can reduce vascular leakage, promote the absorption of effusion and accelerate the regression of neovascularization. Neovascular diseases in the fundus are related to multiple factors, and targeting multiple channels simultaneously may produce better prognosis. With the development of new drug delivery methods, sustained-release drugs, and novel drugs targeting more pathways, anti VEGF drugs provide a more efficient and safe option for the treatment of retinal neovascularization. Innovative drugs include gene therapy drugs ADVM-022 and RGX-314, local eye drops such as pazopanib, squalylamine, regorafenib, oral tyrosine kinase inhibitor CM082, and monoclonal antibody drug loaded implants , all of which have certain prospects.(Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2024, 48:  464-470) Related Articles | Metrics

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Pathogenesis and potential drug  of cataract Ma Lin, Huang Lintao, Shi Hang, Wang Wanhe, Wu Li'an International Review of Ophthalmology    2025, 49 (1): 25-31.   DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.cn115500-20240722-01005 Abstract （530）            Knowledge map    Save The pathogenesis of cataracts is linked to multiple factors, with oxidative stress, excessive quinone substances, aldose reductase activity, and lens protein aggregation being the main mechanisms. Recently, many drugs and compounds have been identified through basic and animal studies as having potential anti-cataract effects. These include polyphenolic compounds extracted from plants, Ginkgo biloba leaves, ginger, and drugs like pirenoxine eye drops for excessive quinone substances. Aldose reductase inhibitors such as diosgenin and L-lysine and anti-lens protein aggregation agents like lanosterol and 25-hydroxycholesterol also show promise, indicating a shift towards molecular approaches in anti-cataract therapy. Despite the therapeutic potential seen in research, limitations such as the extrapolation of animal study results and individual variability currently hinder their clinical application. With further research, these drugs may be used in clinical settings in the future. (Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2025, 49:  25-31) Related Articles | Metrics

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Research progress and clinical application of lens organoids Xiong Yingyue, Chen Xiaona, Wei Jia, Gao Yali International Review of Ophthalmology    2024, 48 (6): 401-406.   DOI: 10.3760/ cma.j.issn.1673-5803.2024.06.001 Abstract （511）      PDF（pc） （805KB）（205）       Knowledge map    Save The pathogenesis of cataract is relatively complex, lack of effective drug treatment, and postoperative visual quality cannot be restored to normal state. With the application of stem cell technology in ophthalmology, researchers have used stem cells from various sources to successfully induce the formation of humanoid lenses in vitro and reproduce the microscopic three-dimensional structure of some of their unique functions. These lens organoids are used to build disease models in vitro, study the mechanisms and inductions of related diseases, screen drugs and even regenerate alternative treatments. It provides more possibilities for preventing and treating cataracts. This paper reviews the research progress of lens organoids, introduces the breakthrough research methods, summarizes their clinical applications in mechanism research, drug screening and regenerative replacement therapy, and puts forward personal prospects in the direction of related research and cultivation and the construction of 3D lens or whole eye structure in cooperation with multi-bioengineering. (Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2024, 48:  401-406) Related Articles | Metrics

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Recent progress in diagnosis, treatment and research of geographic atrophy Liao Xingming, Yang Yuting, Ma Hongjie International Review of Ophthalmology    2024, 48 (5): 333-340.   DOI: 10.3760/ cma.j.issn.1673-5803.2024.05.003 Abstract （378）            Knowledge map    Save Geographic atrophy (GA) is an advanced form of age-related macular degeneration, characterized by progressive and irreversible loss of photoreceptors, retinal pigment epithelium, and choriocapillaris. Ophthalmic imaging technologies, such as color fundus photography, fundus autofluorescence, and optical coherence tomography, are crucial tools for diagnosing and assessing disease progression in GA. Monitoring visual function is essential in the disease surveillance of GA, and a single visual function test may not fully reflect the patient's true visual experience. A comprehensive assessment should combine best corrected visual acuity, low luminance visual acuity, and microperimetry to provide a more complete evaluation. Currently, there is no effective treatment for GA, but emerging therapies such as complement inhibitors and gene therapy show promising prospects. (Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2024, 48:  333-340) Related Articles | Metrics

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Portable visual field testing systems for screening and diagnosis of glaucoma Shen Xiaoyuan, Chen Zidong, Yu Minbin International Review of Ophthalmology    2024, 48 (4): 241-247.   DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1673-5803.2024.04.001 Abstract （375）      PDF（pc） （1136KB）（434）       Knowledge map    Save Visual field testing plays a crucial role in the diagnosis and treatment of glaucoma. Currently, there are various portable visual field testing devices based on personal computers, tablet computers, virtual reality technology, and smartphones that can be used to monitor the visual function of glaucoma patients. For example, the Moorfields Motion Displacement Test (MMDT) based on personal computers and the Melbourne Rapid Fields (MRF) test on tablet computers have initially demonstrated feasibility in community and home settings, while the imo system based on virtual reality technology and the GearVision system based on smartphones have shown practicality. These visual field testing methods are portable, low-cost, relatively accurate, and highly accessible. They provide effective supplementary monitoring tools for glaucoma diagnosis and treatment, and meet the demands of telemedicine. However, there are still issues such as inconsistent screen parameters, resolution limitations, and the need for standardized testing environments that need to be addressed.(Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2024, 48:   241-247) Related Articles | Metrics

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Research progress  on  anti-VEGF drugs and glucocorticaid drugs for the treatment of retinal vein  occlusion-associated macular edema Huang Ju, Li Shiyi, Zhang Ao, Wang Kang, Xie Yingbin International Review of Ophthalmology    2024, 48 (4): 267-272.   DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1673-5803.2024.04.005 Abstract （361）            Knowledge map    Save Currently, the main therapeutic strategies for retinal vein occlusion-associated macular edema macular edema (RVO-ME) encompass intravitreal injections of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) agents and corticosteroids. The clinical efficacy of dexamethasone intravitreal implant (Ozurdex) for the treatment of RVO-ME in improving visual acuity and reducing central macular thickness (CMT) is superior to that of anti-VEGF drugs at 1 month, and there is no statistically significant difference in clinical efficacy between the two drug types within 3 months post-injection, while Ozurdex needs to be re-injected within 6 months post-injection to maintainits favorable efficacy. When the two types of drugs are combined, either in a spaced or simultaneous injection regimen, they have similar or even better efficacy than monotherapy while reducing the frequency of injections. Meanwhile, intravitreal injections of these two types of drug can cause ocular complications such as high intraocular pressure, concurrent cataracts, endophthalmitis, retinal tears, vitreous hemorrhage, and corneal damage. (Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2024, 48:  267-272) Related Articles | Metrics

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The progress of diagnosis and treatment of malignant glaucoma Zheng Xuanli, Lin Haishuang, Li Jiaqian, Lei Changrong, Wan Rui, Ye Wenqing, Liang Yuanbo International Review of Ophthalmology    2024, 48 (5): 321-326.   DOI: 10.3760/ cma.j.issn.1673-5803.2024.05.001 Abstract （354）      PDF（pc） （871KB）（519）       Knowledge map    Save Malignant glaucoma is one of the most severe complications of glaucoma surgery. It mainly includes three types: typical malignant glaucoma, malignant glaucoma after cataract surgery, and other secondary malignant glaucoma. Anatomical factors such as a shallow anterior chamber, short axial length, and thick lens, as well as being young, female, diagnosed with angle-closure glaucoma, having a history of external filtration surgery, and preoperative high intraocular pressure, are considered risk factors for the occurrence of malignant glaucoma. The hypothesis of trans-lens pressure differential provides a new perspective for rethinking and understanding the pathogenesis of malignant glaucoma, and may offer new strategies for its prevention and treatment. Relieving ciliary block and restoring the flow of aqueous humor between the anterior and posterior chambers of the eye are key in the treatment of malignant glaucoma.  (Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2024, 48: 321-326) Related Articles | Metrics

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The effectiveness and safety of multifocal soft corneal contact lenses in controlling myopia in adolescents Wu Ziyan, Yan Zhipeng International Review of Ophthalmology    2024, 48 (4): 283-289.   DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1673-5803.2024.04.008 Abstract （351）            Knowledge map    Save Multifocal soft contact lenses (MFSCL) is an effective methods of preventing and controlling myopia in adolescents. The concentric ring design and progressive peripheral design of MFSCL have been proven to have good effects for myopia control. Compared to single-vision spectacles and single-vision soft contact lenses, MFSCL has obvious advantages, providing clear long-distance vision, slowing down axial elongation, and delaying myopia progression. However, due to direct attachment to the surface of the eye, it may cause instability of the tear film, conjunctivitis, and chronic damage to various layers of corneal cells caused by hypoxia. Therefore, standardized fitting, nursing, and regular follow-up monitoring are necessary.  (Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2024, 48:  283-289) Related Articles | Metrics

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Tear biomarkers for ocular and systemic diseases Wang Yue, Xie Xiaodong International Review of Ophthalmology    2024, 48 (4): 316-320.   DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1673-5803.2024.04.013 Abstract （349）            Knowledge map    Save Tear fluid contains a large number of proteins, cytokines and other substances involved in regulating the function and metabolism of a variety of cells in the eye, thus reflecting the individual pathophysiological state. With the improvement of micro-sample analysis technology, tear fluid has become an ideal source for the detection of potential biomarkers of diseases due to its easy accessibility, convenient storage and stable nature. Glaucoma, keratitis, thyroid-related eye diseases, and even some systemic diseases (Alzheimer's disease, diabetes mellitus, tumors) are associated with changes in potential biomarkers in tear fluid, and their detection may provide some clinical reference value for the prevention and early diagnosis of these diseases.(Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2024, 48:  316-320) Related Articles | Metrics

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Application of anti-scarring therapy in glaucoma filtration surgery Liu Yuning, Zhao Chunmei, Liu Xiangyun, Mu Qirui, Zhao Le International Review of Ophthalmology    2024, 48 (4): 254-260.   DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1673-5803.2024.04.003 Abstract （343）            Knowledge map    Save Scarring around the filtering bleb after glaucoma filtering surgery (GFS) is a major cause of surgical failure. The antimetabolic drug mitomycin-C (MMC) is the first-line treatment for scarring in GFS, but its cytotoxicity can lead to serious complications. Newer anti-scarring approaches include improved surgical techniques (e.g. creation of conjunctival flaps of varying depth), use of physical barriers to the filtration pathway (e.g. biodegradable collagen matrix implants, biodegradable collagen matrix implants, sodium hyaluronate, amniotic membranes, corneal stromal lenses and perfluoropropane gas), and anti-scarring drugs (glucocorticosteroids and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in addition to MMC, 5-fluorouracil and transforming growth factor-beta-regulating drugs, and the Chinese herbal medicines Dan Huayu Tang, glaucoma and granules, etc.), eye massage, β-radiation therapy, and so on.(Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2024, 48:   254-260) Related Articles | Metrics

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The application of artificial intelligence in ophthalmic surgery Wang Feng, Lan Chenghong, Peng Jing, Shao Yi International Review of Ophthalmology    2024, 48 (5): 393-399.   DOI: 10.3760/ cma.j.issn.1673-5803.2024.05.011 Abstract （339）            Knowledge map    Save Ophthalmic surgery is one of the most delicate microsurgical procedures, and the huge demand for artificial intelligence (AI) assisted ophthalmic surgery will become an important factor in accelerating precision medicine. It has been applied to refractive surgery, corneal transplantation, oculoplastic surgery, cataract surgery, and vitreoretinal surgery, etc. For example, the analysis of clinical data can help to make effective preoperative planning, robotic-guided surgical methods can improve intraoperative safety and accuracy, and the prediction of surgical timing and postoperative complications can help surgeons to make better clinical decisions. However, AI in ophthalmic surgery still requires optimization of deep learning algorithms and the development of systems that allow for real-time evaluation.  AI has the potential to become an important aid in ophthalmic surgery to improve patient outcomes. (Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2024, 48:  393-399) Related Articles | Metrics

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The influence of different haptic designs of intraocular lenses on their axial position Zhang Xin, Zhang Yue, Xu Yanhui, Chen Zhimin International Review of Ophthalmology    2024, 48 (4): 261-266.   DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1673-5803.2024.04.004 Abstract （309）            Knowledge map    Save The position of the intraocular lens(IOL) after cataract surgery is not fixed, and most of it will undergo linear motion after surgery, and then it is relatively stable. The axial position of the IOL is affected by many factors, including the anatomical structure of the eyeball, the surgical method, the design of the IOL, the lens capsular bag, etc. As the supporting element of the IOL, the design of the IOL loop plays a key role in the stability of the axial position of the IOL, including the material of the loop, the thickness and width of the loop, the relationship between the optical part and the loop, the number of loops, the type of loop, the angle of the loop and the diameter of the loop. (Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2024, 48:   261-266) Related Articles | Metrics

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Application prospects of microRNAs in glaucoma research Wu Renyi, Gao Ruxin International Review of Ophthalmology    2024, 48 (4): 248-254.   DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1673-5803.2024.04.002 Abstract （308）      PDF（pc） （733KB）（285）       Knowledge map    Save miRNAs are small non-coding RNA molecules that participate in the pathophysiological mechanisms of glaucoma. miRNA has the potential to serve as a biomarker for early detection and diagnosis of glaucoma. The study of miRNA in glaucoma helps to elucidate the molecular pathways and mechanisms of glaucoma, promote the development of personalized medicine for glaucoma, and can be applied to the treatment of glaucoma and non-invasive disease monitoring. Although miRNA research in glaucoma has good application prospects, there are also challenges and limitations, such as lack of standardized protocols for sample collection, storage, and DNA extraction, poor tissue specificity and accessibility of samples, and poor reproducibility in different populations. By addressing these limitations, not only can we enhance our understanding of the role of miRNA in glaucoma, but also pave the way for personalized medical methods. (Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2024, 48:  248-254) Related Articles | Metrics

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Relationship between ocular biological parameters and corneal higher-order aberrations in cataract patients#br# Yong Zixuan, Huang Xionggao International Review of Ophthalmology    2024, 48 (6): 416-419.   DOI: 10.3760/ cma.j.issn.1673-5803.2024.06.004 Abstract （299）            Knowledge map    Save The visual outcomes of cataract surgery are significantly influenced by preoperative ocular biometric parameters and corneal higher-order aberrations. As cataract surgery transitions from vision-restoring procedures to refractive surgeries, the demand for better postoperative visual quality has become increasingly stringent. This review explores the relationship between ocular biometric parameters (such as central corneal thickness, corneal refractive power, anterior chamber depth, anterior chamber angle, lens thickness, pupil size, and axial length) and corneal higher-order aberrations. The central corneal thickness is negatively correlated with total higher-order aberrations, spherical aberration, and coma, but positively correlated with trefoil aberration. Corneal refractive power affects higher-order aberrations, with myopic patients showing lower total higher-order aberrations, while hyperopic patients show higher values. The influence of anterior chamber depth on higher-order aberrations is controversial, with some studies indicating that a shallow anterior chamber increases corneal spherical aberration. An increase in pupil size is associated with an increase in higher-order aberrations. Additionally, axial length is negatively correlated with total corneal higher-order aberrations and spherical aberration. Accurate measurement of these parameters aids in predicting postoperative visual outcomes and optimizing individualized treatment for cataract surgery.(Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2024, 48:  416-419) Related Articles | Metrics

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The morphological alterations of Bruch's membrane in myopic eyes Lu Yuhan, Chen Wei International Review of Ophthalmology    2024, 48 (4): 272-277.   DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1673-5803.2024.04.006 Abstract （289）            Knowledge map    Save The evolution of myopia is intricately linked to the progressive elongation of the ocular axis. Throughout this process, there is a notable thinning of the choroid and sclera, yet their volumes remain remarkably stable. Intriguingly, the thickness of Bruch's membrane (BM) appears to be decoupled from variations in the axial length of the eye. Given that the spatial separation between the ora serrata and the posterior pole escalates in tandem with axial elongation, this phenomenon suggests a concomitant expansion of the BM surface area. Consequently, the observed independence of BM thickness from changes in axial length provides compelling evidence for a compensatory increase in BM volume as the ocular axis extends. In highly myopia, a robust correlation has been observed between increased axial length and the incidence of BM openings, BM defects, and peripapillary atrophy. These findings indicate that the morphological modifications of BM within myopia may significantly contribute to the pathophysiological mechanisms governing axial elongation, hinting at novel therapeutic targets for myopia management.(Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2024, 48:  272-277) Related Articles | Metrics

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Research progress on eye ultraviolet radiation injury and protection Cui Minghui Chen Jiliang Yu Haobing Liu Xiaoyu Ning Zhe Hu Bo International Review of Ophthalmology    2024, 48 (5): 378-384.   DOI: 10.3760/ cma.j.issn.1673-5803.2024.05.009 Abstract （287）            Knowledge map    Save In recent years, the destruction of the ozone layer has led to the enhancement of ultraviolet-B (UV-B) radiation, especially in plateaus, oceans and polar regions, due to the extremely high reflectivity of UV-B, which makes special occupational groups such as welders and ultraviolet disinfection workers face a higher risk of ultraviolet eye disease. To reduce the occurrence of eye diseases, physical protection can include using protective eyewear that meets the UV400 standard. In clinical treatment, options may include anti-inflammatory, anti-infection, surface anesthesia, and wound healing-promoting medications. In addition, natural active substances such as flavonoids, saponins, peptides and phenolic compounds have a good protection effect against UV-B radiation and can also be potential candidates for the research and development of related drugs.(Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2024, 48: 378-384) Related Articles | Metrics

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Current status and progress of idiopathic intracranial hypertension Zhang Qi, Wu Jie, Sun Mingming, Zhou Huanfen, Xu Quangang, Wei Shihui International Review of Ophthalmology    2024, 48 (5): 349-356.   DOI: 10.3760/ cma.j.issn.1673-5803.2024.05.005 Abstract （284）            Knowledge map    Save Idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH) is clinically characterized by elevated intracranial pressure, headaches, papilledema, and vision loss, predominantly affecting obese women of childbearing age. IIH poses a significant threat to patients' vision and quality of life. However, the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms driving the increase in intracranial pressure remain unclear. Previously, theories primarily focused on abnormalities in cerebrospinal fluid circulation，but in recent years, it has been gradually recognized that abnormal glymphatic system, obesity-related metabolic dysfunction, androgen and glucocorticoid disorders are involved in the occurrence of this disease. OCT examination and telemetry intracranial pressure monitor can monitor the fluctuation of intracranial pressure in patients, which provides help for the prevention and delay of complications of idiopathic intracranial hypertension. Furthermore, novel targeted drugs, such as 11β-HSD1 inhibitors and glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists, offer new therapeutic options for managing IIH. (Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2024, 48:  349-356) Related Articles | Metrics

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ICL implantation for moderate and low myopia Li Guangyue, Wan Xiuhua International Review of Ophthalmology    2024, 48 (6): 438-442.   DOI: 10.3760/ cma.j.issn.1673-5803.2024.06.008 Abstract （282）            Knowledge map    Save Currently, traditional corneal refractive surgery, such as excimer laser surgery, is the main treatment for myopia. However, corneal refractive surgery requires the removal of a portion of the cornea, which limits its application due to the corneal thickness and curvature constraints. In contrast, implantable collamer lens (ICL) does not require cornea resection, avoiding postoperative corneal ectasia and other complications. In the past, due to limitations in intraocular lens materials, design diversity, and therapeutic concepts, ICL implantation was mainly used for the treatment of high myopia. In recent years, with the development of novel intraocular lens materials and expanded therapeutic concepts, there has been increasing evidence that ICL implantation has a significant effect in the treatment of low to moderate myopia, comparable to conventional laser refractive surgery. Therefore, for individuals who cannot or do not wish to undergo corneal refractive surgery, ICL implantation has become a treatment option that can effectively correct myopia and provide visual experience.(Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2024, 48:  438-442) Related Articles | Metrics

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The effect of laser corneal refractive surgery on corneal and tear neuromediators Shao Yuhao, Li Min, Zou Jun International Review of Ophthalmology    2024, 48 (4): 290-297.   DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1673-5803.2024.04.009 Abstract （280）            Knowledge map    Save Corneal neuromediators, which are released by corneal nerves and their interactions with target cells, play a crucial role in maintaining normal corneal physiological functions and facilitating the repair process of the cornea. Laser corneal refractive surgery, involving the ablation of the cornea, not only results in corneal tissue damage but also leads to changes in the expression levels of corneal and tear neuromediators postoperatively. Specifically, the expression levels of substance P (SP) and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) in tears are elevated compared to preoperative values, while the changes in the expression levels of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) in tears and nerve growth factor (NGF) in both the cornea and tears have shown inconsistent results in current research. Additionally, the expression levels of corneal and tear neuromediators are significantly affected by the type of laser corneal refractive surgery and are closely associated with the postoperative recovery of corneal nerve and ocular surface function. (Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2024, 48:  290-297) Related Articles | Metrics

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Research progress of anterior chamber-associated deviation Li Qian, Qing Guoping International Review of Ophthalmology    2024, 48 (5): 364-370.   DOI: 10.3760/ cma.j.issn.1673-5803.2024.05.007 Abstract （272）            Knowledge map    Save Anterior chamber-associated immune deviation (ACAID) is the primary manifestation of ocular immune privilege. It mainly involves the roles of antigen-presenting cells and regulatory T cells to inhibit systemic immune responses against intraocular antigens. The underlying mechanisms are complex, relying not only on the normal anatomical structure and physiological functions of the eye but also involving dynamic immune regulatory processes and humoral balance. Recent research has revealed more molecular mechanisms related to ACAID, such as the roles of immune checkpoint molecules and their impact on immune tolerance. Moreover, studies of ACAID mechanisms have demonstrated its potential applications in preventing graft rejection and treating autoimmune eye diseases. These research findings provide new perspectives on understanding the process of ocular immune privilege and are of significant importance in developing novel anti-inflammatory and immunotherapeutic approaches.  (Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2024, 48: 364-370) Related Articles | Metrics

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Surface modification of intraocular lenses for the prevention and treatment of endophthalmitis Zheng Xin, Wan Xiuhua International Review of Ophthalmology    2024, 48 (6): 411-415.   DOI: 10.3760/ cma.j.issn.1673-5803.2024.06.003 Abstract （272）            Knowledge map    Save The surface modification of intraocular lens (IOL) can effectively reduce the risk of endophthalmitis and postoperative infection associated with cataract surgery. According to the effect materials modified by IOL, the surface modification of IOL can be divided into two categories, drug loading and non-drug loading modification. Drug-loaded IOL surface modification can be achieved by "coating", such as critical fluid impregnation, polymer/pharmaceutical chemical coating technology and "immersion". Antibiotics such as moxifloxacin are loaded on the surface of IOL to prevent endophthalmitis. Surface hydrophilic modification of hydrophobic IOL to inhibit the adhesion of lens epithelial cells can prevent the occurrence of after-cataract and endophthalmitis. (Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2024, 48:  411-415) Related Articles | Metrics

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Affecting factors of refractive error after cataract surgery in patients with aqueous eye status Su Wenhua , , Wang Xuelin , Lu Xiaohe , Chen Juanjuan , Huang Xinyu , Li Yingli International Review of Ophthalmology    2024, 48 (6): 420-425.   DOI: 10.3760/ cma.j.issn.1673-5803.2024.06.005 Abstract （271）            Knowledge map    Save With the prevalence of myopia, there is a trend towards an increase in the number of people requiring vitrectomy to preserve the lens. The risk of cataract after vitrectomy (aqueous eye status) is about 22.5%~60%, and refractive drift after cataract of aqueous eye status surgery has received more attention. Although cataract surgery technology continues to advance and examination equipment is constantly updated, some preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative factors cause postoperative refractive error to be more obvious than that of normal eye cataract. In addition to paying attention to the patient's ocular surface health, the accuracy and repeatability of optical biometry, and the selection of the appropriate IOL refractive power calculation formula, the change of the axial length and the actual position of the IOL should also be paid attention to. Choosing the appropriate IOL calculation formula can reduce the refractive error after surgery. The SRK/T formula, Kane formula, Haigis formula, and Barrett Universal II formula are used to calculate the refractive error of high myopia, but whether they can be used in patients with cataract of aqueous eye status is worth exploring.  (Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2024, 48:  420-425) Related Articles | Metrics

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The correlation between helicobacter pylori infection and eye diseases Miao Hui, Yang Yiquan, Lv Aiguo, Fan Sujie International Review of Ophthalmology    2024, 48 (4): 278-283.   DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1673-5803.2024.04.007 Abstract （266）            Knowledge map    Save Helicobacter pylori is a gram-negative bacterium with flagella. In addition to causing gastrointestinal infections, it is also associated with other systemic diseases such as autoimmune diseases, cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, endocrine system diseases, etc. In recent years, increasing studies have found that helicobacter pylori infection also has adverse effects on some eye diseases, such as blepharitis, glaucoma, and central serous chorioretinopathy. Helicobacter pylori can participate in the occurrence and development of the related eye diseases through mechanisms such as stimulating the release of inflammatory mediators, the production of antibodies and effector T cells, and molecular mimicry. Eradicating helicobacter pylori may help treat the aforementioned eye diseases.(Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2024, 48:  278-283) Related Articles | Metrics

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Changes on ocular structures and parameters after ultrasound cycloplasty Liu Dongyue, Li Qiang, Zhao Jun International Review of Ophthalmology    2024, 48 (5): 327-332.   Abstract （264）      PDF（pc） （1055KB）（358）       Knowledge map    Save Ultrasound cycloplasty (UCP) is a new non-invasive glaucoma treatment technology based on high-intensity focused ultrasound. UCP can effectively reduce intraocular pressure (IOP) in the treatment of various types of glaucoma such as primary glaucoma, neovascular glaucoma, traumatic glaucoma and other refractory glaucoma. For increased IOP again after UCP, it is also effective to administer repeated UCP treatment 3~6 months later, when the anterior chamber inflammation is under control. Meanwhile, UCP treatment can cause the changes on ocular structures and parameters, as well as related complications. Most of the complications, changes of ocular structures and parameters such as keratometry, conjunctival and scleral thickness, anterior chamber flare and pupil diameter were transient, usually recovered to preoperative level or subsided within 3~6 months after UCP. The change in anterior chamber depth have not been definitely reported after UCP. However, the scleral ciliary process angle was increased, and the ciliary body area was decreased after UCP. At the same time, further research is needed to clarify the changes and complications in the ocular posterior segment caused by UCP.  (Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2024, 48:  327-332) Related Articles | Metrics

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The relationship between Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway and the pathogenesis of myopia Adilai·Aikebaier, Ding Lin International Review of Ophthalmology    2024, 48 (6): 433-437.   DOI: 10.3760/ cma.j.issn.1673-5803.2024.06.007 Abstract （263）            Knowledge map    Save The etiology of myopia involves a complex regulatory process of the retina-choroid-sclera axis, wherein the Wnt/β-catenin pathway plays a pivotal role as a significant signaling pathway in myopia development. Studies indicate that activation of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway correlates positively with the severity of myopia, and inhibiting this pathway may potentially slow the progression of myopia. Moreover, individuals with myopia exhibit significantly reduced levels of DKK-1 (Dickkopf-1) in their blood, and supplementation of DKK-1 may mitigate axial elongation of the eye and progression of myopia. These findings pave the way for novel research directions in therapeutic strategies based on the Wnt/β-catenin pathway.(Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2024, 48:  433-437) Related Articles | Metrics

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Factors affecting microbiological contamination of donor cornea in eye bank Ma Yanran, Wang Qin, Yang Lihong, Ren Yi, Zhou Qizhi International Review of Ophthalmology    2024, 48 (6): 407-410.   DOI: 10.3760/ cma.j.issn.1673-5803.2024.06.002 Abstract （261）      PDF（pc） （705KB）（129）       Knowledge map    Save Donor-related infections are a serious threat to patient safety after corneal transplantation. It is important that eye retrieval and eye bank practices are monitored to ensure the provision of high-quality and safe tissue to recipients. Contamination of the donor cornea can occur during its retrieval, storage and processing. This review is focused on the factors including donor, cornea harvest and storage that may affect the microbiological contamination of donor cornea aiming to reduce the contamination rate of donor tissue in eye bank.(Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2024, 48:  407-410) Related Articles | Metrics

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Research advances of retinal glial cells involved in glaucomatous optic neuropathy Cheng Ying, Kang Qianyan International Review of Ophthalmology    2024, 48 (6): 454-459.   DOI: 10.3760/ cma.j.issn.1673-5803.2024.06.011 Abstract （260）            Knowledge map    Save Retinal glial cells, considered as vital immunoregulatory cells, sparked widespread enthusiasm for studying on the mechanism of glaucomatous optic nerve damage via glial cell-driven neuroinflammatory response. In recent years, the important role and molecular mechanism of different types of retinal glial cells such as microglia, astrocytes and Müller cells in glaucoma progression have been gradually revealed. The activation of retinal glial cells is an early event of glaucomatous optic nerve damage, which occurs before the loss of retinal ganglion cells and is regarded as the "trigger" of retinal neuroinflammation. In this review, we make a preliminary sketch of the latest studies from the aspects of microglia, astrocytes, Müller cells and their crosstalk, thereby providing a reference for the molecular mechanism of retinal glial cells involved in glaucomatous optic nerve damage and the formulation of potential targeted treatment strategies. (Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2024, 48:  454-459) Related Articles | Metrics

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Progress on oxidative stress of trabecular meshwork cells in primary open-angle glaucoma Gang Xiaorui, Xu Lijuan, Han Jialing, Zhou Tao, Liang Yuanbo International Review of Ophthalmology    2024, 48 (6): 448-453.   DOI: 10.3760/ cma.j.issn.1673-5803.2024.06.010 Abstract （256）            Knowledge map    Save Primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) is the most common type of glaucoma, while its pathogenesis remains elusive. In recent years, oxidative stress has been recognized as the critical role in POAG formation and progress. Specifically, excessive reactive oxygen species promote the pathogenesis of trabecular meshwork (TM), and lead to the dysfunction of aqueous humor outflow pathway, as well as intraocular pressure elevation. However, the relationship between oxidative stress and TM dysfunction is not fully understood yet. In this article, we aim to elucidate the mechanisms underlying oxidative stress-induced TM damage in POAG, including the oxidative stress sources, the responsive molecular mechanisms of TM cells exposure to oxidative stress, and the structural and functional changes of TM.(Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2024, 48:  448-453) Related Articles | Metrics

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Impact of strabismus surgery on ocular hemodynamics Zhong Huifen, Huang Longxiang, Zheng Weidong International Review of Ophthalmology    2024, 48 (4): 298-304.   DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1673-5803.2024.04.010 Abstract （256）            Knowledge map    Save Strabismus surgery may trigger hemodynamic changes in the anterior and posterior segments of the eye, further affecting postoperative ocular health and visual function. However, different strabismus surgeries involve different types of muscles, surgical methods, and surgical incisions that have different effects on ocular hemodynamics and duration. Strabismus surgery may cause impaired anterior segment blood flow and increased or decreased retinal and choroid blood flow. The risk of anterior segment ischemia can be reduced by using imaging methods such as iris angiography, color Doppler imaging, and optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) to assess the risk factors before strabismus surgery, and selecting an appropriate surgical plan. At the same time, high-precision imaging methods can be used to monitor and evaluate the changes of iris, retina and choroidal blood flow after surgery, which is helpful for the early detection and treatment of ischemia-related complications. (Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2024, 48:  298-304) Related Articles | Metrics

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Relationship between depression and dry eye Ma Yueni, Yang Ruibo International Review of Ophthalmology    2024, 48 (4): 310-315.   DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1673-5803.2024.04.012 Abstract （251）            Knowledge map    Save Depression and dry eye are both major social and public health problems that endanger the physiological and psychological health of patients, and they are mutually causative, forming a vicious circle. Inflammation and autonomic dysfunction may be the co-morbid mechanisms of depression and dry eye. Depression-associated dry eye is a chronic pain associated with depression, or dry eye itself is a somatised symptom in depressed patients. Antidepressants can exacerbate or even induce dry eyes. A series of ocular surface irritation symptoms brought about by dry eyes can also cause bad mood in patients. (Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2024, 48:   310-315) Related Articles | Metrics

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The roles of stromal cell-derived factor-1/C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4/C-X-C chemokine receptor type 7 signaling in choroidal neovascularization progression Zou Rong, Yuan Fei International Review of Ophthalmology    2024, 48 (5): 341-348.   DOI: 10.3760/ cma.j.issn.1673-5803.2024.05.004 Abstract （243）            Knowledge map    Save Choroidal neovascularization (CNV) is an important pathological mechanism of blinding neovascular age-related macular degeneration (NVAMD). Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGFA), the key regulator of angiogenesis, not only mediates the localization and structural remodeling of the capillary plexus during normal eye development by binding to its tyrosine kinase receptor, but also promotes pathological angiogenesis and leakage. Recent studies has proved that stromal cell-derived factor-1 (SDF-1) mediates the chemotaxis of immune cells such as endothelial progenitor cells and macrophages by binding to its C-X-C chemokine receptor type (CXCR) 4 and CXCR7. It also directly activates signaling pathways such as PI3K/AKT/ERK in endothelial cells to promote endothelial cell proliferation, migration, and angiogenesis, thereby regulating the development of pathological choroidal neovascularization and induces endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition of endothelial cells (EndoMT) to promote subretinal fibrosis. (Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2024, 48:  341-348) Related Articles | Metrics

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The development history of photorefraction technology and its application in screening for refractive errors in children Huang Yan, Gao Jie, Zhen Yi International Review of Ophthalmology    2024, 48 (5): 385-392.   DOI: 10.3760/ cma.j.issn.1673-5803.2024.05.010 Abstract （242）            Knowledge map    Save Photorefraction technology determines the refractive status of children by analyzing images of light reflected from the retina. This method is suitable for younger children who have difficulty cooperating for extended periods, significantly enhancing the feasibility of early screening for myopia, hyperopia, astigmatism, and strabismus, making large-scale screenings possible. Photorefraction technology has evolved from film imaging to digitalization, miniaturization, and intelligence. In particular, the integration of artificial intelligence technology has significantly improved diagnostic accuracy and adaptability. Deep learning algorithms automatically analyze and extract features from eye images, enabling photorefractors to maintain high stability and accuracy in complex environments. The application of digital simulation technology also provides a scientific basis for further optimization of photorefraction technology, simulating imaging effects under different ocular conditions and providing strong support for improving device performance. With the commercialization of technology, various models of photorefractors have been developed, such as MTI, iScreen, PowerRefractor, Plusoptix, Spot, GoCheckKids, etc. These devices continue to improve in portability, ease of operation, and diagnostic accuracy, providing diverse options for screening refractive errors in children. Photorefraction technology is increasingly widely used in screening for refractive errors in children, with notable progress. Diagnostic accuracy and efficiency have been significantly improved, providing important technical support for early intervention and protection of global children's visual health. (Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2024, 48:  385-392) Related Articles | Metrics

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Aldosterone and ocular diseases Xu Tianyi , Liang Yuanbo, Zhang Shaodan International Review of Ophthalmology    2024, 48 (5): 371-377.   DOI: 10.3760/ cma.j.issn.1673-5803.2024.05.008 Abstract （237）            Knowledge map    Save Aldosterone, as an important mineralocorticoid secreted by the adrenal gland, is involved in various pathological and physiological processes such as systemic water and electrolyte balance, inflammation, and immunity. Inflammation, immune, and vascular related abnormalities in water and electrolyte balance are closely related to the occurrence and development of various eye diseases. Extensive research on cardiovascular diseases has confirmed that aldosterone can activate mineralocorticoid receptors and play a pro-inflammatory role in systemic diseases. Previous studies have suggested that aldosterone plays a beneficial anti-inflammatory role in inflammatory diseases such as uveitis, and its mechanism may be not only due to its activation of mineralocorticoid receptors, but also due to the disruption of corticosteroid receptor homeostasis under aldosterone application. Meanwhile, aldosterone plays a role in the ocular water and electrolyte balance, promoting exudative changes in diseases such as central serous retinopathy and wet age-related macular degeneration. Aldosterone also participates in aqueous humor homeostasis and nerve damage, and may play a key role in the pathological process of glaucoma. By further clarifying the regulatory mechanisms of systemic and local aldosterone on the physiological and pathological processes of the eye, new evidence may be provided for exploring the pathogenesis of related eye diseases, while also providing new diagnostic and therapeutic ideas for the development of new disease diagnosis and treatment methods. (Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2024, 48: 371-377) Related Articles | Metrics

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Causes of choroidal detachment secondary to ophthalmic surgery Xu He, Dong Rujiao, Li Dongyu International Review of Ophthalmology    2024, 48 (6): 460-463.   DOI: 10.3760/ cma.j.issn.1673-5803.2024.06.012 Abstract （226）            Knowledge map    Save The occurrence of choroidal detachment is mainly related to decreased intraocular pressure, choroidal circulation disorders, and choroidal inflammation. The reasons for secondary choroidal detachment after glaucoma surgery include the use of preoperative antiglaucoma drugs, postoperative low intraocular pressure, the use of anti-metabolic drugs, systemic factors, etc. The reasons for secondary choroidal detachment after vitrectomy surgery include surgical operation issues, properties of intraoperative vitreous cavity filling, application of fundus laser, incision leakage, etc. The reasons for secondary choroidal detachment after scleral buckling surgery include high myopia, tight pressure during buckling, and posterior positioning. There have also been cases of secondary choroidal detachment during intravitreal injection. This review aims to enhance the understanding of choroidal detachment among ophthalmologists, thereby facilitating preventive measures to mitigate its occurrence.(Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2024, 48:  460-463) Related Articles | Metrics

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Application of intraoperative optical coherence tomography in corneal transplantation surgery Zhan Xin, Liu Hongshan International Review of Ophthalmology    2024, 48 (5): 357-363.   DOI: 10.3760/ cma.j.issn.1673-5803.2024.05.006 Abstract （225）            Knowledge map    Save Intraoperative optical coherence tomography (iOCT) is an intraoperative navigation microscope system that can be used not only for surgeries such as vitreoretinal, ICL implantation, cataracts, glaucoma, but also for corneal transplantation surgery. In penetrating keratoplasty, the real-time visualization of iOCT helps the surgeon understand the intraocular situation, define the implant bed range, and handle angle adhesions. In lamellar keratoplasty, the depth and uniformity of corneal stroma detachment can be observed to prevent perforation of the posterior elastic layer, timely treatment of interlayer fluid accumulation, and avoid the formation of double anterior chambers. In addition, in corneal endothelial transplantation, iOCT can reveal the position of the graft and its adhesion to the corneal stroma, observe whether the graft is unfolded or inverted, and help the surgeon handle it in a timely manner to improve the success rate of the surgery. (Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2024, 48:  357-363) Related Articles | Metrics

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Characteristics of the peripheral retinal refraction after orthokeratology Wang Jiangnan, Wang Jiawei, Chai Song International Review of Ophthalmology    2024, 48 (6): 443-447.   DOI: 10.3760/ cma.j.issn.1673-5803.2024.06.009 Abstract （224）            Knowledge map    Save Defocus theory is the mainstream theory of myopia prevention and control theory, from the initial animal researches and clinical trials to the current prevention and control methods (orthokeratology, defocus soft lens, defocus frame glasses, etc.) derived from this theory have all verified the importance of myopic defocus state of the peripheral retina in delaying the growth of the ocular axis. Among them, orthokeratology stands out with its predominant prevention and control effect, which is attributed to the more peripheral myopia defocus induced than other methods. Moreover, myopic defocus is mainly produced in the peripheral retina within the 10°~30° eccentric range ( it achieves the strongest prevention and control effect within 10°~20° eccentric range) and presents the asymmetric distribution of the temporal and nasal sides. Myopic defocus after orthokeratology is at its maximum on the first night and is stable after 1~12 months.(Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2024, 48:  443-447) Related Articles | Metrics

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Advances in the diagnosis and treatment of enophthalmos due to burst orbital fracture Qi Han, Liu Jinling International Review of Ophthalmology    2024, 48 (4): 305-310.   DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1673-5803.2024.04.011 Abstract （221）            Knowledge map    Save Orbital fracture is a common type of ocular trauma, and the main clinical manifestations include endophthalmos, binocular diplopia, limited eye rotation, and sensory deficits in the infraorbital innervation area, and so on, with endophthalmos being one of the most common and cosmetically compromising complications. The mechanism causing endophthalmos is mainly related to the imbalance between the volume of orbital contents and orbital bony volume. The traditional surgical technique for orbital fracture repair is usually performed by the clinician after analyzing the CT scanning image data of the orbit according to his experience, which is very subjective and requires the surgeon to make repeated attempts to achieve the best repair results, but it is generally difficult to achieve accurate repair. The choice of implant is also very important to the outcome of the procedure, and the results of resorbable material restorations are widely recognized. At present, three-dimensional printing technology is widely used in the clinic, using three-dimensional printing preform technology to personalize the implant material for fracture patients, and orbital fracture revision surgery can improve the endophthalmos more obviously.(Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2024, 48:  305-310) Related Articles | Metrics

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Postoperative complications of cataracts associated with high myopia Zhang Ye, Qi Jiao, Zhu Xiangjia International Review of Ophthalmology    2025, 49 (1): 13-18.   DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.cn115500-20240917-01003 Abstract （219）      PDF（pc） （719KB）（380）       Knowledge map    Save Highly myopic cataract, as a complex cataract type associated with a high risk of blindness, significantly increases the incidence of postoperative complications, thereby posing a serious threat to the visual health of highly myopic individuals. The common postoperative complications associated with high myopia-related cataracts, include early intraocular pressure elevation, capsular contraction syndrome, posterior capsular opacification, and intraocular lens dislocation. Previous studies have shown that the pathological changes in highly myopic eyes, such as anatomical abnormalities caused by axial elongation, intraocular microinflammatory environments, and oxidative-antioxidative imbalances, contribute to structural and dynamic anomalies in aqueous humor outflow, epithelial-mesenchymal transition of lens epithelial cells, and loosening of the zonular fibers. These factors collectively increase the risk of postoperative complications. Clinically, measures such as meticulous polishing of the capsule during surgery, cautious use of capsular tension rings, and close postoperative monitoring with early intervention can help mitigate these complications to some extent.  (Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2025, 49:  13-18) Related Articles | Metrics