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Research progress of tafluprost eye drops in the treatment of glaucoma Sun Longyan, Shi Yan, Fan Zhigang International Review of Ophthalmology    2023, 47 (3): 193-202.   DOI: 10.3760/ cma.j.issn.1673-5803.2023.03.001 Abstract （485）      PDF（pc） （2089KB）（787）       Knowledge map    Save Tafluprost is a prostaglandin analogue (PGA) with strong FP receptor affinity, which was first reported in 2003. Whereafter, Tafluprost eye drops, as the first originally developed preservative-free PGA agent, came on the market, and has been used as the first-line drug in the treatment of open-angle glaucoma and ocular hypertension. The unique difluoride atomic structure gives tafluprost stronger metabolic stability, making it perform similar efficacy with a lower concentration compared to other PGA. A large number of clinical studies on tafluprost eye drops have confirmed its effect of reducing intraocular pressure, and the adverse reactions occur less and to a lesser degree. In addition to reducing intraocular pressure, tafluprost is considered to have other pharmacological effects, including ocular blood flow improvement and optic nerve protection, as well as a protective effect on other ocular tissues. Recent clinical trials have begun to focus more on the evaluation of the safety of preservative-free tafluprost eye drops, especially for the ocular surface condition. In 2022, the preservative-free tafluprost eye drops (Tapros) were marketed in China. This article will review the pharmacological mechanism and pharmacokinetics of tafluprost, and discuss its clinical efficacy, safety, and tolerability of preservative-free tafluprost eye drops to provide clinical guidance. (Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2023, 47: 193-202) Related Articles | Metrics

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Application of capsular tension ring in cataract surgery Chen Dongjun, Wan Xiuhua International Review of Ophthalmology    2023, 47 (4): 315-321.   DOI: 10.3760/ cma.j.issn.1673-5803.2023.04.005 Abstract （292）            Knowledge map    Save When there are anomalies in the zonules,the safety of cataract surgery is significantly compromised,leading to increased risks of vitreous prolapse,capsular rupture,residual lens cortex,and dislocation of the intraocular lens(IOL). The use of capsular tension rings(CTRs)and related intraocular devices allow ophthalmologists to maintain the stability of the capsular bag easily during complex cataract surgeries,enhancing the controllability of anterior segment procedures and reducing or alleviating intraoperative and postoperative complications. Moreover, they improves the prognosis of zonular anomalies related conditions. With continuous advancements in design and materials,the indications for capsular tension rings are expanding gradually. Especially for highly myopic patients,CTRs can effectively stabilize the position of the IOL,provide additional support to the relaxed zonules,inhibit migration and proliferation of residual lens epithelial cells,and improve patients' visual quality while reducing the incidence of retinal detachment post-surgery. (Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2023, 47: 315-321) Related Articles | Metrics

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International Review of Ophthalmology    2023, 47 (5): 391-391.   Abstract （259）            Knowledge map    Save Related Articles | Metrics

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Research progress on ocular administration methods Chen Xinyi, He Ting, Shen Ting International Review of Ophthalmology    2023, 47 (3): 210-217.   DOI: 10.3760/ cma.j.issn.1673-5803.2023.03.003 Abstract （225）      PDF（pc） （1075KB）（897）       Knowledge map    Save In recent years, various new dosage forms of ocular drugs have been developed, such as nano preparations (including nanoparticles, nanospheres, nanoemulsions, nanosuspensions, nanoliposomes, nanomicelles, fluorescent nano and dendritic macromolecules, etc.), sustained-release gels (including temperature-sensitive, pH, ionic and self-assembled peptide hydrogels, etc.), contact lenses, implants, microneedles, etc., which effectively improve the bioavailability of ocular drug administration, patient compliance, and achieve continuous administration, reduce drug side effects, and reduce chronic damage to the eyes , improves the therapeutic effect of eye medication. (Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2023, 47: 210-217) Related Articles | Metrics

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Progress of pharmacotherapy for conjunctival papilloma Yuan Jiali, Xu Yesheng, Zheng Libin, Yao Yufeng International Review of Ophthalmology    2023, 47 (3): 203-209.   DOI: 10.3760/ cma.j.issn.1673-5803.2023.03.002 Abstract （207）      PDF（pc） （767KB）（615）       Knowledge map    Save Conjunctival papilloma is one of the most common ocular surface tumors, and it can affect visual function in severe cases. Pharmacotherapy or surgery combined with pharmacotherapy has the advantages of wide coverage and a relatively low recurrence rate and is gradually becoming a trend to replace surgical treatment. Available topical drugs include interferon alpha-2b, mitomycin C, 5-fluorouracil, dinitrochlorobenzene, bevacizumab, etc. Oral cimetidine is also used for conjunctival papilloma management. This article reviews the efficacy and safety of pharmacotherapy (local medication and intraoperative combination application) for conjunctival papilloma. (Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2023, 47: 203-209) Related Articles | Metrics

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Applications of intraoperative optical coherence tomography in ophthalmic surgery Zhang Xiruo, Qu Shen, Bi Yanlong International Review of Ophthalmology    2023, 47 (4): 289-295.   DOI: 10.3760/ cma.j.issn.1673-5803.2023.04.001 Abstract （200）      PDF（pc） （1644KB）（670）       Knowledge map    Save Optical coherence tomography ( OCT ) is gradually becoming widely used in the field of ophthalmology because of its ability to provide high-resolution tissue images that are real-time, noninvasive and can be examined in vivo. This article summarizes the application scenarios of intraoperative OCT (iOCT) in a wide range of anterior and posterior segment surgeries, including corneal surgery, cataract surgery, glaucoma surgery and vitreoretinal surgery. iOCT facilitates a profound understanding of intraoperative tissue anatomy, localization, and dynamic changes. It aids surgeons in making informed decisions during surgery, thereby enhancing surgical safety and precision, and fostering the progression of minimally invasive ophthalmic procedures. However, limitations such as expensive equipment, challenges in tracking scanning, and limited imaging field of view restrict its further development and wider application. (Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2023, 47: 289-295) Related Articles | Metrics

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The relationship between dome-shaped macula and refractive state and common complications Wang Gechun, , Yuan Fei International Review of Ophthalmology    2023, 47 (4): 339-344.   DOI: 10.3760/ cma.j.issn.1673-5803.2023.04.009 Abstract （199）            Knowledge map    Save Dome-shaped macula (DSM) shows an inward bulge of the retina and choroid in the macula area on optical coherence tomography. The exact pathogenesis of DSM remains unclear, but it is primarily associated with adaptive compensation due to localized sclera thickening. DSM exists in patients with myopia, emmetropia or hypermetropia,  and is more frequently observed in patients with high ametropia. The prevalence rate is about 10%~20% among high myopia people. Common complications of DSM include  serous retinal detachment, choroidal neovascularization, retinoschisis, macular hole and macular epiretinal membrane, etc. Currently, it needs to be further confirmed that whether DSM is a concomitant or a causal relationship with the occurrence of complications. For asymptomatic DSM, regular follow-up observation is recommended. If complications occur and significantly impair visual function, methods such as anti-vascular endothelial growth factor, photocoagulation, photodynamic therapy or manual therapy can be used. (Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2023, 47: 339-344) Related Articles | Metrics

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Pathological changes in the anterior capsule of diabetic cataract Xie Yi, Guan Huaijin, Ji Min International Review of Ophthalmology    2023, 47 (4): 322-327.   DOI: 10.3760/ cma.j.issn.1673-5803.2023.04.006 Abstract （196）            Knowledge map    Save Diabetic cataract is one of the ocular complications caused or aggravated by diabetes mellitus (DM), its pathogenesis has not been elaborated completely. The lens capsule is an acellular, transparent, smooth basement membrane which acts as a barrier secreted by the lens epithelial cells. In hyperglycaemic states, the permeability of lens capsule membrane is altered and a series of pathological changes occur including: histological abnormalities such as fibrosis of anterior lens capsule, loss of intercellular junctions and gaps between epithelial cells and capsule membrane, ultrastructural abnormalities such as epithelial complex structure, gap laxity, finger-like protrusions and lamellar separation, as well as abnormal expression of basement membrane-related molecules. The balance of internal homeostasis of the lens will then accelerate the development of cataracts. Progress of researches on diabetic anterior lens capsule changes help to rethink the mechanism of diabetic cataract from a different perspective and provide a pathological basis for diagnosis and prevention. (Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2023, 47: 322-327) Related Articles | Metrics

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Application of optical coherence tomography angiography on assessment of microcirculation changes in glaucoma Zhang Yihan, Zhang Fengyan International Review of Ophthalmology    2023, 47 (4): 296-301.   DOI: 10.3760/ cma.j.issn.1673-5803.2023.04.002 Abstract （192）      PDF（pc） （748KB）（633）       Knowledge map    Save Optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) is a novel, non-invasive ophthalmic examination technique that provides high-resolution images of microvascular. OCTA can quantitatively analyze optic disc, retinal and choroidal blood perfusion of patients with glaucoma and assess their microvascular changes. Patients with different types of glaucoma may have decreased vessel density of the optic disc, peripapillary, macular retina, choroid and abnormal indexes related to foveal avascular zone, whose changes are related to the degree of visual field defect, the thickness of the nerve fiber layer, and the thickness of the ganglion cell complex.  (Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2023, 47: 296-301) Related Articles | Metrics

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Hyperglycemia induces diabetic retinopathy through oxidative stress Ding Yuwan, Huang Hong, Xu Jing International Review of Ophthalmology    2023, 47 (5): 424-429.   DOI: 10.3760/ cma.j.issn.1673-5803.2023.05.007 Abstract （189）            Knowledge map    Save Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a retinal microvascular complication that arises with the prolongation of the disease in diabetic patients. Its main pathological changes include retinal inflammation, increased vascular permeability, and abnormal retinal surface angiogenesis. Multiple mechanisms are involved in the development of DR, and oxidative stress is an important mechanism in its development, which includes the polyol pathway, advanced glycation end products (AGEs) pathway, the hexosamine pathway (HBP), the protein kinase C (PKC) pathway, and the angiotensin II (ANG II) pathway. The initiation of oxidative stress triggers an intracellular cascade reaction that generates excessive reactive oxygen species. Excessive reactive oxygen species lead to protein modification, inflammatory response, apoptosis, dysregulation of autophagy, impaired mitochondrial function, interfering with a variety of signaling pathways and affecting a variety of biological processes, which result in the onset and progression of DR. Further study of these interactions is important for understanding the pathogenesis of DR and finding relevant therapeutic strategies. Related Articles | Metrics

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Mechanisms of photoreceptor death in retinal degenerative diseases Li Yihui, Jin Zibing International Review of Ophthalmology    2023, 47 (5): 406-412.   DOI: 10.3760/ cma.j.issn.1673-5803.2023.05.004 Abstract （188）            Knowledge map    Save Retinal degenerative diseases, characterized by progressive loss of photoreceptors, cause irreversible damage to vision. In the past, apoptosis and necrosis were considered to be the main mechanisms of photoreceptor death. Recently, pyrodeath, autophagy, PARP-1-dependent cell death and iron death have been confirmed to be related to photoreceptor death. Specially, autophagy has a dual effect on photoreceptor cells. Inhibition of these signaling pathways can reduce the photoreceptor death in retinal degenerative diseases. With the further of the understanding of cell death, the diagnosis and treatment of retinal degenerative diseases will be updated and improved. Related Articles | Metrics

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Relationship between cerebrospinal fluid dynamics and pathophysiological mechanisms of optic nerve damage diseases Fu Yingdi, Xie Yuan, Wang Ningli International Review of Ophthalmology    2023, 47 (5): 392-399.   DOI: 10.3760/ cma.j.issn.1673-5803.2023.05.002 Abstract （179）            Knowledge map    Save In recent years, it has been proposed that the impairment of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)dynamics is the common pathophysiological mechanism causing diseases associated with optic nerve impairment. Further study of CSF dynamics, especially optic nerve subarachnoid space (ONSAS) cerebrospinal fluid dynamics, may contribute to the understanding of conditions such as idiopathic intracranial hypertension, spaceflight-associated neuro-ophthalmic syndrome, normal-tension glaucoma and other diseases that cause optic nerve damage and visual impairment, and provide more ideas for their prevention and treatment.The CSF may not flow into ONSAS because of the degree of optic canal stenosis, intraocular pressure and the variation of anatomic structure. The change of ONSAS cerebrospinal fluid pressure is the main factor that cause optic disc edema and atrophy. The changes of pressure and inflammation stimulate the proliferation of meningeal epithelial cells in ONSAS and make the space of lumen become smaller, it leads to the occurrence of optic nerve sheath compartment syndrome, which damages the CSF dynamics and further leads to optic nerve injury. At present, there is no gold standard for evaluating CSF pressure in ONSAS and means to monitor CSF dynamics in real time. The change of CSF pressure in ONSAS can only be roughly judged by the change of optic nerve sheath diameter or intracranial pressure. Related Articles | Metrics

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Application and research status of artificial intelligence in glaucoma early screening, diagnosis and follow-up    Wang Ziyi, Liu Hanruo International Review of Ophthalmology    2023, 47 (3): 250-256.   DOI: 10.3760/ cma.j.issn.1673-5803.2023.03.010 Abstract （177）            Knowledge map    Save This review summarized the latest researches on the application of artificial intelligence (AI) in early screening, diagnosis and follow-up of glaucoma, and discusses its advantages and challenges. (Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2023, 47: 250-256) Related Articles | Metrics

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Progress on prediction of vault after ICL implantation Zhu Qiujian, Yuan You, Song E International Review of Ophthalmology    2023, 47 (5): 456-461.   DOI: 10.3760/ cma.j.issn.1673-5803.2023.05.012 Abstract （176）            Knowledge map    Save Vault is an important index to evaluate the safety of implantable collamer lens(ICL) implantation, and is also the focus of this surgical research. The choice of ICL size is the most important controllable factor for postoperativevault. The most traditional ICL size selection method is selected by white-to-white diameterand anterior chamber depth, but the accuracy of this method is not satisfactory. Therefore, researchers have tried to predict the postoperative arch height and ICL size through ultrasound biomicroscopy（UBM）, anterior segment OCT and even artificial intelligence, and achieved certain results. This article attempts to compare and analyze various vaulting prediction and ICL size selection methods, and expounds the characteristics, effects and evolution history of various methods. Related Articles | Metrics

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The role of NETs in the pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy Feng Qianhong, Yuan Fei International Review of Ophthalmology    2023, 47 (4): 350-353.   DOI: 10.3760/ cma.j.issn.1673-5803.2023.04.011 Abstract （174）            Knowledge map    Save Neutrophil extracellular traps(NETs) are network structures composed of nuclear DNA and/or mitochondrial DNA and various proteins released by neutrophils after receiving external stimulation. NETs play an important role in clearing pathogens, inflammation, autoimmunity, etc. Recent years, increasing evidence suggests that NETs are involved in the development of diabetic retinopathy (DR). The hyperglycemic and low-grade inflammatory environment in T2DM can induce NETs in the retina. DR itself also can increase the adhesion of neutrophils in retinal vessels and induce NETs. In addition, some studies have demonstrated that NETs can induce the regression of retinal pathological neovascularization. The study of NETs provides new strategies and directions for the prevention and research of DR. (Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2023, 47: 350-353) Related Articles | Metrics

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Research progress of intraocular sustained-release drugs Guo Zhaoxing, Wan Xiuhua International Review of Ophthalmology    2023, 47 (3): 218-222.   DOI: 10.3760/ cma.j.issn.1673-5803.2023.03.004 Abstract （172）            Knowledge map    Save Intraocular extended-release drugs have the characteristics of long administration interval and high patient compliance. In recent years,  new anti-vascular endothelial growth factor extended-release devices, such as Port Delivery System with Ranibizumab, have entered phase III clinical trials for treatment of age-related macular degeneration; the indications for dexamethasone extended-release formulations (Ozurdex, Dexycu, Dextenza) have been further expanded and have been used for retinal vein obstruction, non-infectious uveitis, and diabetic macular edema treatment;  extended-release drops for the treatment of endophthalmitis, glaucoma, and cystine disease are expected to to improve the quality of patient care by replacing traditional eye drops. (Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2023, 47: 218-222) Related Articles | Metrics

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Advance of immediately sequential bilateral cataract surgery in COVID-19 era Ren Yuecong, Yan Hong International Review of Ophthalmology    2023, 47 (4): 333-338.   DOI: 10.3760/ cma.j.issn.1673-5803.2023.04.008 Abstract （171）            Knowledge map    Save Immediate sequential bilateral cataract surgery(ISBCS) is performed on both eyes on the same day but as separate procedures which was first reported in 1952. The COVID-19 pandemic has sparked a greater interest in ophthalmologist perceptions of ISBCS in recent years because of the cost savings and convenience. Especially in countries where there is a long waiting list for second eye cataract surgery. Despite the advantages of rapid restoration of binocular vision and reduction of epidemic exposure in specific contexts, further clinical research on ISBCS is needed on the long-term safety including bilateral endophthalmitis, refractive surprise, corneal decompensation, and bilateral macular edema. (Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2023, 47: 333-338) Related Articles | Metrics

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Idiopathic macular epiretinal membrane and its OCT and OCTA imaging features Wang Gechun, Yuan Fei International Review of Ophthalmology    2023, 47 (5): 429-435.   DOI: 10.3760/ cma.j.issn.1673-5803.2023.05.008 Abstract （170）            Knowledge map    Save Macular epiretinal membrane is a non-vascular fibroblast membrane located on the retinal inner surface in the macular area. Idiopathic macular epiretinal membrane (iERM) accounts for about 80%. Currently, optical coherence tomography (OCT) is the preferred diagnostic method for identifying iERM. OCT technology enables the early detection of the thickened and enhanced layer in the macular region associated with iERM. The information provided by OCT, such as the staging of the condition, central macular thickness, and integrity of the ellipsoid zone, plays a significant role in follow-up, determining the optimal timing for surgery and predicting prognosis. Optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) combines the technology of OCT and vascular imaging. In patients with iERM, OCTA images exhibit differences compared to those of normal eyes due to the traction caused by the epiretinal membrane on the retinal vasculature. Therefore, key parameters obtained through OCTA, such as the FAZ (foveal avascular zone) area, degree of vascular distortion, and vascular density, provide valuable insights for evaluating the prognosis of patients. The application of OCT and OCTA aids in more accurate diagnosis and management of patients with macular epiretinal membrane. Related Articles | Metrics

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Rotational stability  of Toric IOL and its influencing factors Hong Yang, Zhao Chunmei, Liu Xiangyun International Review of Ophthalmology    2023, 47 (4): 328-332.   DOI: 10.3760/ cma.j.issn.1673-5803.2023.04.007 Abstract （170）            Knowledge map    Save Toric IOL implantation is a way to correct cataract with astigmatism. The degree of rotation is positively correlated with the increase of astigmatism and defocus aberration. The rotation of the IOL will lead to different degrees of astigmatism and defocus aberration. Long axial length, irregular capsulorhexis, severe fibrosis of the anterior capsule membrane, poor adhesion of IOL materials, and postoperative vigorous activity are all risk factors for Toric IOL rotation. (Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2023, 47: 328-332) Related Articles | Metrics

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Ocular manifestations of novel coronavirus infection Shen Xiaoyuan, Yang Yangfan, Chen Zidong, Yu Minbin International Review of Ophthalmology    2023, 47 (5): 385-391.   DOI: 10.3760/ cma.j.issn.1673-5803.2023.05.001 Abstract （168）      PDF（pc） （799KB）（552）       Knowledge map    Save The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has caused a sustained global outbreak with extremely diverse clinical manifestations, affecting multiple organ systems throughout the body, including the eyes. Increasing evidence suggests that COVID-19 may replicate and spread within ocular tissues, leading to ocular symptoms. Ocular symptoms may occur in both the acute infection phase and the autoimmune inflammatory response phase of the infection caused by COVID-19, which may involve various ocular tissues (eyelids, conjunctival, cornea, sclera, lens,and other ocular tissues), presenting as inflammatory and vascular related clinical manifestations. Although whether COVID-19 is transmitted through the eyes is still controversial, protecting eye hygiene and avoiding eye contact with contaminants remains an important prevention and control measure. Related Articles | Metrics

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Application of intense pulsed light combined with meibomian gland expression in the treatment of dry eye Tian Lu, Chen Luxia International Review of Ophthalmology    2023, 47 (4): 373-377.   DOI: 10.3760/ cma.j.issn.1673-5803.2023.04.015 Abstract （167）            Knowledge map    Save Intense pulsed light (IPL) is a relatively new treatment for meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD) causing lipid deficiency dry eye.  IPL combined with meibomian gland expression (MGX) is not only effective in treating MGD and other lipid deficiency dry eye, but also prevents the recurrence of blepharitis-associated keratoconjunctivitis (BKC), and is a promising treatment option for aqueous tear deficiency dry eye, surgical and lifestyle-related dry eyes. The combination of multiple approaches may have an important role in refractory dry eyes.(Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2023, 47: 373-377) Related Articles | Metrics

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Modifying hemodynamic abnormalities in the treatment of normal tension glaucoma Wang Yiyan, Qing Guoping International Review of Ophthalmology    2023, 47 (4): 302-307.   DOI: 10.3760/ cma.j.issn.1673-5803.2023.04.003 Abstract （164）      PDF（pc） （744KB）（571）       Knowledge map    Save 正常眼压性青光眼（normal tension glaucoma，NTG）作为一种特殊类型的青光眼，患者的眼压在正常范围内波动但仍出现进行性视网膜神经节细胞损伤及青光眼性视野缺损。大量研究证实非眼压因素在NTG的发病过程中起重要作用，其中血流流变异常受到了较多的关注。局部眼血流不足、系统性低血压、血管功能调控异常等血流动力学异常会导致NTG患者视乳头灌注压和血供不足从而加重NTG。因此，治疗NTG患者的异常血流状态可能成为降眼压治疗之外的、针对病因的重要治疗方法。（国际眼科纵览，2023, 47：302-307） Related Articles | Metrics

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Effect of optic disc size on thickness of retinal nerve fiber layer and ganglion cell complex Li Caixia, Li Shuning International Review of Ophthalmology    2023, 47 (4): 308-314.   DOI: 10.3760/ cma.j.issn.1673-5803.2023.04.004 Abstract （163）            Knowledge map    Save Examination of retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) and ganglion cell complex (GCC) have been widely used for the screening and diagnosis of early glaucoma, but the thicknesses of RNFL and GCC are affected by race, age, sex, ocular factors and systemic diseases. Optic disc size is one of the important influencing factors for measuring the thickness of RNFL and GCC in patients with different optic disc sizes using optical coherence tomography (OCT). The measurement of RNFL in the normal scanning mode of OCT is influenced by the size of optic disc, and the RNFL in large optic disc is thicker. Therefore, proportional scanning mode is more suitable for RNFL measurement of different types of optic disc. However, it is still controversial whether patients with larger optic disc have greater GCC thickness measurements than those with small optic disc, which needs further study to verify. (Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2023, 47: 308-314) Related Articles | Metrics

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Overview of pharmacological treatment strategies for presbyopia Zhang Yu, Wang Jia, Yin Yue, Jiang Yaping, Chen Yihui International Review of Ophthalmology    2023, 47 (3): 228-232.   DOI: 10.3760/ cma.j.issn.1673-5803.2023.03.006 Abstract （162）            Knowledge map    Save Pharmacological treatment of presbyopia has the potential to become an alternative that is distinct from spectacles and easy to use in the future. At present, there are three main types of drugs - miotic agents, lens softeners and refractive function modulators in the research and development. Miotic agents treat presbyopia by producing a pinhole effect that increases the depth of focus at all working distances. The effects of miotic agents are transient, common adverse events include headache and nocturnal vision loss, and long-term efficacy and safety data are not available. There have been studies in which miotic agents have been used in combination with other drugs to achieve an additive therapeutic effect or to reduce adverse events. However, these combined effects are unknown. The aim of this review is to summarize some recent advances in the pharmacological treatment for presbyopia. (Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2023, 47: 228-232) Related Articles | Metrics

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Progress in diagnosis and treatment of optic nerve sheath meningiomas Ren Tingting, Ma Jianmin International Review of Ophthalmology    2023, 47 (4): 378-383.   DOI: 10.3760/ cma.j.issn.1673-5803.2023.04.016 Abstract （162）            Knowledge map    Save Optic nerve sheath meningioma (ONSM) is a rare and slow-growing benign tumor that arises from arachnoid epithelial cells. ONSM primarily affects middle-aged women, and its clinical manifestations are mainly painless-progressive vision loss. Diagnosis is largely based on the combination of clinical and imaging findings. The typical CT/MRI findings are tubular or fusiform thickening of the optic nerve, followed by a ” double-track sign” after enhanced scan, which also may be accompanied by calcification. Treatment includes observation, radiotherapy and surgery, among which radiotherapy is the first choice for the treatment of ONSM. At present, there are many radiotherapy methods for ONSM, including spatially fractionated radiation therapy (SFRT), intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT), stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS), proton beam radiotherapy (PBT), 3-dimensional conformal radiation therapy (3D-CRT), etc. Surgical treatment can cause vision loss in patients and is usually not be used, but new surgical approaches have been proposed in the literature to prevent tumor extension to the contralateral side. Drug therapy has yielded vision improvement in some cases and is expected to be a potential treatment for ONSM. The mortality of ONSM is almost zero, but the visual prognosis is generally poor.(Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2023, 47: 378-383) Related Articles | Metrics

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Application of peripheral blood inflammatory markers in diabetic retinopathy Sun Huixin, Zhou Xiyuan International Review of Ophthalmology    2023, 47 (4): 345-349.   DOI: 10.3760/ cma.j.issn.1673-5803.2023.04.010 Abstract （154）            Knowledge map    Save Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is one of the common microvascular complications of diabetes. Previous studies have highlighted the association of chronic inflammation and DR. Neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR), monocyte-to-lymphocyte ratio (MLR) and systemic immune-inflammation index (SII) have been proven to be potential inflammatory markers in diabetes mellitus and DR. All the makers above are derived from blood routine test, which is economical, practical, convenient and quick, and have a good application prospect. However, due to the influence of systemic conditions, drug use and other factors, it is currently not widely used in the clinic. Strengthening the monitoring of these makers is helpful for the diagnosis and prognosis of DR. (Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2023, 47: 345-349) Related Articles | Metrics

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Advances in the treatment of fungal keratitis Lee Yan, Zhou Qing International Review of Ophthalmology    2023, 47 (4): 360-366.   DOI: 10.3760/ cma.j.issn.1673-5803.2023.04.013 Abstract （150）            Knowledge map    Save The current difficulties in the diagnosis and treatment of Fungal keratitis (FK) are not easily detected in early diagnosis of the disease, the biotoxicity of antifungal drugs and the low bioavailability of the drugs in the eye, etc. With more research on FK treatment in recent years, new drugs and drug carrier formulations have been proposed and their efficacy has been verified in animal models of FK infection. Regarding surgical treatment, corneal transplantation, and photodynamic therapy are the more commonly used treatment modalities, while the newly proposed low-temperature plasma surgical system is more advantageous in the control of infection and safety in the treatment of FK. (Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2023, 47: 360-366) Related Articles | Metrics

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Application of posterior scleral reinforcement surgery in the treatment of high myopia Wu Jiale, Xiong Zhaohui, Xu Yincong, Sun Miaomiao, Gao Jie International Review of Ophthalmology    2023, 47 (6): 517-523.   DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1673-5803.2023.06.008 Abstract （148）            Knowledge map    Save The most obvious feature of pathological myopia is the gradual increase of the eye axis and the appearance of posterior staphyloma. Posterior scleral reinforcement surgery is currently an effective surgical method for delaying or preventing axial elongation in the treatment of pathological myopia. It mainly uses reinforcement materials to cause inflammatory reactions, neovascularization, and collagen fiber proliferation in the sclera to strengthen the weak posterior sclera and prevent further increase in axial length. This surgical method has been improved on the basis of strip method, patch method, and injection method, and currently, single strip reinforcement method is still the main method. Posterior scleral reinforcement materials are mainly divided into two categories: biological and non-biological, each with its own advantages and disadvantages. Currently, artificial pericardial patches and allogeneic sclera are the main types. Although posterior scleral reinforcement surgery has significant advantages in controlling the development of high myopia, imaging examination suggests that the shape and location of staphyloma in the sclera are diverse, making it difficult for this surgery to conform to the surgical mechanism, leading to controversy over the postoperative efficacy. (Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2023, 47:  517-523) Related Articles | Metrics

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Pharmacokinetics of intravitreal anti-VEGF drugs in age-related macular degeneration Zhu Jian, Chen Yixun, Zhu Rongrong International Review of Ophthalmology    2023, 47 (3): 223-227.   DOI: 10.3760/ cma.j.issn.1673-5803.2023.03.005 Abstract （147）            Knowledge map    Save Intravitreal injection of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is currently the first-line treatment for age-related macular degeneration (AMD). The commonly used anti-VEGF drugs are Avastin, Ranibizumab, Aflibercept and Brolucizumab. For patients with AMD, the half-life, time to peak and drug concentration in atrial fluid, vitreous humour and serum are different between drug. In addition, different ophthalmic procedures such as cataract surgery, vitectomy and silicone oil filling can cause pharmacokinetic changes. It is recommended to use anti-VEGF drugs with long half-live and lasting efficacy in clinical treatment.(Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2023, 47: 223-227) Related Articles | Metrics

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Research progress on the safety and effectiveness of ICL implantation in the treatment of patients over 40 years of age with high myopia Du Xueyu, Yan Hong International Review of Ophthalmology    2023, 47 (3): 233-237.   DOI: 10.3760/ cma.j.issn.1673-5803.2023.03.007 Abstract （144）            Knowledge map    Save With the improved safety of implantable collamer lenses (ICL) implantation, a number of studies have been conducted to perform ICL surgery in patients over 40 years of age with high myopia. This article summarizes the advantages, postoperative complications, and remaining problems of ICL implantation for the treatment of high myopia in patients over 40 years of age. The analysis focuses on the choice of correction method, lens power calculation reserve, lens opacity, and decrease in endothelial cell density related to the age of the implanted patient. In contrast to age-appropriate patients, the preoperative selection of correction method and lens power calculation reserve are based on the patient age, patient preference for vision, preoperative refractive power, and adaptability to monocular vision. Lens opacity is the most important complication after ICL implantation in patients over 40 years of age and is one of the reasons for secondary surgery, so a preoperative lens evaluation is recommended. ICL implantation for high myopia over 40 years of age has good treatment results and low complications, but its long-term safety needs further investigation. (Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2023, 47: 233-237) Related Articles | Metrics

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Application of stent materials for lacrimal duct intubation surgery Xu Enpei, Li Guanghui International Review of Ophthalmology    2023, 47 (4): 367-372.   DOI: 10.3760/ cma.j.issn.1673-5803.2023.04.014 Abstract （144）            Knowledge map    Save With the continuous advancement in artificial lacrimal duct improvements and tissue transplantation, significant progress has been made in the clinical treatment of lacrimal duct obstruction. However, complications such as postoperative scar obstruction or inflammatory reactions have not been completely resolved. Previous studies mainly focused on optimizing artificial lacrimal duct improvements, but it is currently difficult to achieve better clinical outcomes through surgical modifications. With the development of molecular biology and tissue engineering techniques, new scaffold materials are continuously being developed, providing a broad prospect for the treatment of lacrimal duct obstruction. Silicone-based materials, widely used in clinical tear duct intubation, still need improvement in terms of tissue compatibility compared to polypropylene and polymer materials. The development of new biodegradable materials indicates a new research direction for tear duct intubation materials. In addition, the combination of autologous and allogeneic materials provides a new developmental direction for tear duct bypass reconstruction surgery without the need for internal support.(Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2023, 47: 367-372) Related Articles | Metrics

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Research status of optic disc structure in peripapillary hyper-reflective ovoid mass-like structures  Meng Jiaxin, Liu Xia, Zhao Ying International Review of Ophthalmology    2023, 47 (6): 488-493.   DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1673-5803.2023.06.002 Abstract （143）      PDF（pc） （1152KB）（506）       Knowledge map    Save Peripapillary hyper-reflective ovoid mass-like structures (PHOMS) are a novel finding observed through enhanced-depth imaging optical coherence tomography (EDI-OCT), appearing as annular or partially annular complexes containing vascular structures surrounding the optic disc on EDI-OCT images. PHOMS frequently coexist with tilted optic disc, optic disc drusen, demyelinating optic neuritis, Leber hereditary optic neuropathy, ischemic optic neuropathy, idiopathic intracranial hypertension, pseudopapilledema and other diseases related to axoplasmic flow stasis. However their pathophysiology and significance remain unclear. (Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2023, 47:  488-493) Related Articles | Metrics

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Animal models and induction methods of myopia Ma Yao, You Yuxia International Review of Ophthalmology    2023, 47 (6): 503-507.   DOI: 10.3760/ cma.j.issn.1673-5803.2023.06.005 Abstract （142）            Knowledge map    Save Many kinds of myopia animal models are commonly used, including guinea pigs, mice, chickens, tree shrews, etc. The traditional form deprivation method is still the most widely used method for myopia modeling, and the modeling is relatively stable after multiple methods of improvement. However, due to the limited occurrence of form deprivation in humans, the application of experimental results to humans still requires caution. With the development of laser surgery, optical defocusing has provided new modeling methods, which are similar to the naturally occurring myopia in humans. However, the current application scope is still limited. The frequency flash stimulation method can induce moderate to low myopia, but the induction range for myopia diopter is still limited. Different animals have different feeding conditions, induction methods, inducible myopia, and model stability. Currently, there is a lack of recognized and high-quality animal model production standards. (Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2023, 47: 503-507) Related Articles | Metrics

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Correlation between hypertensive retinopathy and other important target organs injury Zhao Runze, Sun Xiaojia, Lian Kun, Chang Tianfang, Dou Guorui International Review of Ophthalmology    2023, 47 (5): 418-423.   DOI: 10.3760/ cma.j.issn.1673-5803.2023.05.006 Abstract （140）            Knowledge map    Save With the aging of China's population, the incidence of hypertension is increasing year by year. Retinal blood vessels have similar anatomical structure and functional characteristics with cerebrocardiovascular structure and renal blood vessels, meanwhile small retinal arteriopathy in hypertensive patients may precede the clinical symptoms of other important target organs damaged by hypertension, and retinal microcirculatory changes are expected to be a predictor of systemic pathologic changes in hypertensive patients. Although the correlation between hypertensive retinopathy and damage to the major target organs of hypertension has been confirmed, the examination and diagnostic criteria used in various studies are different, making replicability and clinical dissemination difficult. In recent years, the clinical application of artificial intelligence diagnosis model established by multi-modal hypertension retinopathy big data under fundus photography and optical coherence tomography (flow angiography) may solve this problem. Related Articles | Metrics

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Ocular surface damage of thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy Lin Xiaoxuan, Li Jinying International Review of Ophthalmology    2023, 47 (4): 354-359.   DOI: 10.3760/ cma.j.issn.1673-5803.2023.04.012 Abstract （138）            Knowledge map    Save Thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy associated with autoimmunity is a disease of inflammatory infiltration of periorbital and intraorbital ocular tissue caused by multi-factor disorders, but the pathogenesis has not been elucidated. The ocular damage caused by TAO has a wide range of involvement, and the ocular surface damage has a significant impact on visual function. The enlargement of palpebral fissure, the lesion of meibomian gland, the dysfunction of meibomian gland and the decrease of lipid layer of tear film caused by TAO lead to excessive evaporation of tear and the change of high osmotic pressure of tear, which induces or aggravates ocular surface inflammation. The abnormal expression of inflammatory factors in tears and the pathological changes of main and accessory lacrimal glands, and the decrease of water layer led to the further increase of tear osmotic pressure. The vicious circle of inflammation causes the damage of keratoconjunctival barrier, the decrease of corneal nerve fiber density and the decrease of corneal sensitivity. The changes of corneal biomechanical properties and the decrease of deformability in patients with TAO affected the measurement of intraocular pressure. TAO is also accompanied by orbital tissue hyperplasia and expansion, and the orbital pressure increases in patients, which lead to the disturbance of blood circulation. The nutritional supply of the ocular surface is impaired, and the normal physiological function of the ocular surface including the secretion of mucin by conjunctival goblet cells is affected. Ocular surface damage caused by TAO causes a series of serious eye discomfort and facial damage, which threatens the physical and mental health of patients. (Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2023, 47: 354-359) Related Articles | Metrics

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Ocular characteristics and molecular genetics advances of Waardenburg syndrome Peng Chuzhi, Jia Hongyan, Jiao Yonghong International Review of Ophthalmology    2023, 47 (3): 238-243.   DOI: 10.3760/ cma.j.issn.1673-5803.2023.03.008 Abstract （136）            Knowledge map    Save Waardenburg syndrome (WS) is characterized by sensorineural hearing loss and generalized (skin, hair, and eyes) pigmentation abnormalities. WS is a highly clinically and genetically heterogeneous disorder. Special craniofacial features such as synophrys, telecanthus, a high and broad nasal root, and white forelock are usually found in WS. Heterochromia iridum is the most common and recognizable manifestation of ocular pigmentation abnormalities in WS, and pigmentation of the choroid and retina can also occur. Ocular abnormalities such as ptosis, strabismus, and glaucoma may lead to visual dysfunction. WS is divided into four subtypes according to different clinical presentations. Ocular pigmentation abnormalities can occur in each subtype. Type I WS and type III WS may be accompanied by telecanthus, and type IV may present as nystagmus when the nervous system is involved. It has been confirmed that PAX3, MITF, SOX10, EDN3, EDNRB, and SNAI2 are disease-causing genes for WS. (Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2023, 47: 238-243) Related Articles | Metrics

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Advances of goniosynechialysis in the treatment of primary angle closure glaucoma Yang Lei, Wang Jibing International Review of Ophthalmology    2023, 47 (3): 244-249.   DOI: 10.3760/ cma.j.issn.1673-5803.2023.03.009 Abstract （134）            Knowledge map    Save The concept of goniosynechialysis (GSL) was described a half century ago. It was difficult to perform due to technically anterior chamber collapse at the beginning and later good clinical efficacy was obtained with viscoelastic maintaining anterior chamber and  irrigating cyclodialysis spatula combined with peripheral iridectomy to eliminate the pupillary block. Modern therapeutic system of GSL was developed based on the former research experiences, the procedures including, crystalline lens extraction, intraocular lens implantation combined with direct view under goniolens or endoscope. Modern therapeutic system of GSL has currently become the main effective method for primary angle-closure glaucoma (PACG). It’s advantages include quick, less invasive, bleb independent, restoring physiological drainage rout of aqueous humor. Recently, minimally invasive glaucoma surgery (MIGS) were also applied in the treatment of PACG, for example, partial goniotomy (GT) or ab interno trabeculectomy (Kahook Dual Blade, KDB) was added to the modern GSL system (GSLplus) for PACG, thereby the therapeutical effect of PACG was improved and more alternatives were provided, and has excited application potential. This article reviews the history, mechanism, modern procedures , clinical efficacy, concerned issues and the future trend of GSL. (Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2023, 47: 244-249) Related Articles | Metrics

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Advances in pathogenesis of nutritional optic neuropathy Yang Xueli, Mao Junfeng International Review of Ophthalmology    2023, 47 (5): 400-405.   DOI: 10.3760/ cma.j.issn.1673-5803.2023.05.003 Abstract （134）            Knowledge map    Save Nutritional optic neuropathy (NON) is a dysfunction of the optic nerve caused by nutritional deficiencies or metabolic disorders. It is primarily characterized by progressive bilateral and painless loss of central visual acuity associated with malnutrition or poor eating habits. There are also certain risk factors make the patient more susceptible to optic neuropathy including long-term smoking, alcohol abuse, chronic diarrhea and bariatric surgery. It is widely accepted that the pathogenesis of NON are dominated by the theory of mitochondrial dysfunction. Oxidative stress damage and axon demyelination also play important roles in the development of the disease. Related Articles | Metrics

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Application progress of custom artificial iris Nie Zetong, Hu Bojie International Review of Ophthalmology    2023, 47 (6): 481-487.   DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1673-5803.2023.06.001 Abstract （133）      PDF（pc） （1595KB）（587）       Knowledge map    Save Iris defects often cause severe glare, photophobia, decreased contrast sensitivity, decreased best corrected visual acuity and cosmetic problems. There are various ways of iris reconstruction, recent studies have found that implantation of a custom artificial iris can safely and effectively treat congenital and acquired iris defects. Custom artificial iris has achieved good results in stability, visual function, and aesthetics, making it a novel and effective treatment option. (Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2023, 47:  481-487) Related Articles | Metrics

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Role of human herpesvirus and human papillomavirus in the pathogenesis of pterygium Zhou Shuowen, Xu Yesheng, Zheng Libin, Yao Yufeng International Review of Ophthalmology    2023, 47 (5): 471-474.   DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1673-5803.2023.05.015 Abstract （132）            Knowledge map    Save Primary pterygium is a triangular fibrovascular lesion originating from the conjunctiva that often breaks through the limbus and extends to the cornea. The pathogenesis of primary pterygium has yet to be fully elucidated, but ultraviolet light, wind and dust, viral infection, and other factors may be involved in it. Pathogenetic researches indicate that human herpesvirus(HHV) and human papillomavirus(HPV) are detected in pterygium tissue, but the prevalence varies greatly, suggesting that the virus infection may only act as one of the factors in pterygium pathogenesis or recurrence. If the involvement of the virus is confirmed in pterygium pathogenesis, antiviral medications or vaccination may become a new research direction for pterygium therapy. Related Articles | Metrics