Table of Content

22 June 2015, Volume 39 Issue 3

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Research progress on chalazion

ZHAO Liu-Ning, DENG Juan

2015, 39(3):  145-151.  doi:10. 3706/ cma. j. issn.1673-5803. 2015. 03. 001

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Meibomian gland cysts (chalazion)  is a common disease of the eyelid, caused by retention of tarsal gland secretions. There are many in vivo imaging techniques for observing the tissue morphology changes of the meibomian glands. There are many reasons for developing chalazion, which including viral infection, blepharitis, helicobacter pylori, rosacea, Demodex brevis, low vitamin A level, androgen level, smoking and tension. Demodex brevis is a risk factor for both development and recurrence of chalazion, while low serum vitamin A is associated with a chalazion in young children. The treatment options of chalazion include conservative treatment, intralesional steroid injections and incision and curettage. Intralesional triamcinolone (TA) injection is as effective as incision and curettage in primary chalazion. TA injection may be considerd as an alternative first-line treatment in case where diagnosis is straightforward.  (Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2015, 39：145-151)

Detective value of prenatal ultrasonography for the fetal eye abnormalities

ZHENG Lei, WEN Jia-Min, ZHANG Fu-Yan

2015, 39(3):  152-155.  doi:10. 3706/ cma. j. issn.1673-5803. 2015. 03. 002

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Fetal eye abnormalities are a type of rare diseases, which are always difficult to diagnose. Prenatal ultrasound has many advantages, such as convenient, non-invasive and good repeatability. In recent years, many specialists have reported some fetal eye abnormalities detected by prenatal ultrasound, such as congenital cataract, anophthalmia or microphthalmia, persistent hyperplastic primary vitreous. Prenatal ultrasound can visually display the ocular structure of fetus in different gestational age, showing clinical value for  diagnosis of fetal eye abnormalities.  (Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2015, 39：152-155)

Contrast sensitivity tests and its clinical application

LI Qian, CUI Shan-Shan, ZOU Yan-Hong

2015, 39(3):  156-160.  doi:10. 3706/ cma. j. issn.1673-5803. 2015. 03. 003

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Contrast Sensitivity is one of the most important parts of visual function. Sine wave grating tests with parallel bars of varying width and contrast were broadly used in visual screening, early diagnosis, and therapeutic evaluation.  Contrast Letter Charts, using optotypes instead of gratings,  are much easier for patients to use. Nowadays, Pelli-Robson Charts has become the standard method not only in eye clinic but also in population based eye studies abroad. Mars Charts, based on the Pelli-Robson Charts, is more sensitive and easy to maintain. In addition, Mars Charts also use numbers as optotypes and will have great potential applications in China.   (Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2015, 39：156-160)

Associations between intermittent exotropia and myopia

LI Yu, FU Tao

2015, 39(3):  161-164.  doi:10. 3706/ cma. j. issn.1673-5803. 2015. 03. 004

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It is clinically noticed that some patients with intermittent exotropia (IXT) make excessive convergence  to maintain straight ocular alignment, which might lead to development of accommodative myopia. Studies have shown that IXT may promote development of myopia. The refractive state changes in IXT patient is due to ocular alignment. The binocular accommodative response in IXT patients showed an accommodation spasm, which is known to be associated with myopia. It is critical to choose the appropriate intervention and treatment timing for IXT patients to prevent myopia.  (Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2015, 39：161-164)

Research progress of microtropia and the monofixation syndrome

ZHU Hui, LIU Hu

2015, 39(3):  165-169.  doi:10. 3706/ cma. j. issn.1673-5803. 2015. 03. 005

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Microtropia and the monofixation syndrome (MFS) can be used to describe the small angled squint with abnormal binocular function. Because of their confusing clinical features, attention should be paid to differential diagnosis. Both of them can be classified into three types: primary, secondary and decompensated. In addition, according to the result of cover test, microtropia can be classified into microtropia with identity and microtropia without identity. According to the direction of deviation, microtropia can be classified into micro-esotropia, micro-exotropia and micro-hypertropia. Microtropia and the MFS might be due to a residual of large strabismus, decompensated heterophoria, anisometropia or heredity, but the exact cause remains unknown. The clinical characteristics include small angled heterotropia, anomalous retinal correspondence, eccentric fixation, central scotoma, amblyopia and some degree of stereoacuity and peripheral fusion. For the diagnosis of microtropia, small angled heterotropia is essential，while central scotoma is not. For the diagnosis of the MFS, central scotoma is essential，while small angled heterotropia is not. Therapies for the two conditions are similar, including correction of the anisometropia, occlusion, synoptophore, prism and surgery.  (Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2015, 39：165-169)

Posterior corneal astigmatism

ZHANG Die-Nian, ZHANG Hong, TIAN Fang

2015, 39(3):  170-174.  doi:10. 3706/ cma. j. issn.1673-5803. 2015. 03. 006

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The eye astigmatism mainly includes corneal astigmatism and intraocular astigmatism (i.e., the lens astigmatism). Both the anterior and posterior corneal surfaces contribute to the total corneal astigmatism.In most eyes, the posterior corneal steep meridian is aligned vertically and approximately has   0.3D astigmatism. The asphericity of the posterior corneal surface decreas significantly with age and is not purely governed by that of the anterior surface. With aging, the anterior surface astigmatism shows a significant trend toward against-the-rule while the posterior corneal astigmatism shows toward with the rule, but the change of posterior astigmatism is smaller. The ratio of the anterior-to-posterior corneal radius also has a negative correlation with age. The compensating effects of the posterior corneal surface on anterior corneal astigmatism decreased with  age. Therefore the posterior corneal astigmatism often leads to partially decrease of total corneal astigmatism in young adults while often adds to total corneal astigmatism in older individuals. Omission of the posterior corneal astigmatism may lead to significant inaccuracies in estimating  the total corneal astigmatism. There is a clear clinical need to measure the posterior corneal surface for calculating the total corneal astigmatismin in cataract refractive surgery.   (Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2015, 39：170-174)

Epidemiology of myopia

REN Xiao-Lei, LIU Li-Juan, YOU Qi-Sheng, XU Liang, LI Jian-Jun

2015, 39(3):  175-179.  doi:10. 3706/ cma. j. issn.1673-5803. 2015. 03. 007

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Myopia is the most common cause of correctable visual impairment，which affect the individual’s quality of life seriously. Higher myopia is associated with comorbidities that increase risks of severe and irreversible loss of vision, such as cataract, glaucoma, retinal detachment, subretinal neovascularization, and myopic macular degeneration. Population-based epidemiological surveys show that although the prevalence of myopia of different ethnic and regional differences have a big difference, the prevalence of myopia generally increases in recent years. The problem is particularly pronounced in affluent, industrialized areas of east Asia. Environmental risk factors for myopia related to socioeconomic status and lifestyle have been identified. In the past decade  a greater understanding of the molecular biological mechanisms that determine refractive error has been taken, giving further support to the belief that myopia is the result of a complex interaction between genetic predisposition and environmental exposures.   (Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2015, 39：75-179)

The effect of pressure on trabecular aqueous humor outflow pathway

NING Li, ZHANG Yu-Yan

2015, 39(3):  180-184.  doi:10. 3706/ cma. j. issn.1673-5803. 2015. 03. 008

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Pathological elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) is one of the major risk factors of primary open-angle glaucoma(POAG), which is mainly due to the increased aqueous humor outflow resistance caused by trabecular meshwork change. High IOP is associated with cellular senescence, change of cytoskeleton, deposition of extracellular matrix, oxidative stress damage, and gene expression abnormality in trabecular aqueous humor outflow pathway through mechanical stress. It is important for investigating POAG pathophysiological mechanism and treatment options.   (Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2015, 39： 180-184)

Research progress on diseases of vitreo-macular interface

LI Huan-Huan, WANG Fang

2015, 39(3):  185-189.  doi:10. 3706/ cma. j. issn.1673-5803. 2015. 03. 009

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Recently, accumulated attention was drawn to vitreous macular traction which served as a set of independent diseases such as macular hole, epiretinal membrane and vitreous macular traction syndrome, etc. However, the pathophysiology mechanism of vitreo-macular traction remains unclear. A commonly accepted mechanism of vitreomacular traction is anteroposterior or tangential traction forces to the macula that arises from age-related vitreous changes and pathologic epiretinal cell proliferation at the vitreoretinal interface. Nowadays, multiple experimental strategies, including light microscopic and electron microscopic histological observations of surgical samples, immunohistological comparisons and cytokines detections, are performed to discover distinct characteristics. Based on the experimental findings, various of mechanism hypothesis developed and served as basis to develop new biological technics and therapy strategies.  (Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2015, 39： 185-189)

Role of thymic stromal lymphopoietin in the pathogenesis of allergic conjunctivitis

YAO Juan, ZHENG Xiao-Fen, LI Bing

2015, 39(3):  190-194.  doi:10. 3706/ cma. j. issn.1673-5803. 2015. 03. 010

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In recent years, Thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP),  a type of interlecukin 7-like cytokine, was found to strongly activate dendritic cells through interaction with TSLP receptor (TSLPR) expressed by dendritic cells to induce an inflammatory helper T cell(Th2) type response and initiate allergic inflammation. It is the initiation factor of allergic diseases.Through  establishing an animal model of allergic conjunctivitis exited by short ragweed, researchers confirmed this process. In terms of its clinical associations, although there are related studies using human corneal epithelial cells, they can only simulated the pathological process of similar state of human diseases. More in vivo studies on different severity, different stages  and different types allergic conjunctivitis are clearly needed.  (Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2015, 39： 190-194)

Application  of PSF in ophthalmology

QI Chen, GUO Ru-Ru, DONG Li-Jie, ZHANG Xiao-Min, LI Xiao-Rong

2015, 39(3):  195-199.  doi:10. 3706/ cma. j. issn.1673-5803. 2015. 03. 011

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Polypyrimidine tract-binding protein-associated splicing factor (PSF) is a multifunctional protein involved in multiple distinct cellular responses. The latest evidence showed that intravitreal administration of recombinant adeno-associated virus-loaded PSF (rAAV-PSF) normalizes the retinal vessel and inhibits vascular endothelial growth facotr (VEGF) expression in an oxygen-induced retinopathy (OIR) mouse model. Therefore, it ameliorates retinal neovascularization (RNV) in OIR mouse model. On the other hand, it has been shown that PSF can repress the proliferation of human retinal capillary endothelial cells (HRCECs) and the transcriptional activation of VEGF stimulated by insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) via recruitment of the Hakai complex and delineates a novel regulatory mechanism of IGF-1/VEGF signaling. In addition, PSF regulates the expression of suppressor of cytokine signaling (SOCS3)  and attenuate JAK/STAT phosphorylation status to control optic nerve regeneration in zebrafish.   (Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2015, 39：195-199)

Aquaporin and ocular diseases

SONG Yu-Chen, YAO Jin, JIANG Qin

2015, 39(3):  200-205.  doi:10. 3706/ cma. j. issn.1673-5803. 2015. 03. 012

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Aquaporin (AQP) is a type of water transporting protein expressed mainly in epithelia and endothelia of human and other mammalian species. AQP, which plays an important role in ocular function, such as  maintaining normal introcular pressure(IOP) and facilitating cornea epithelium restore after injure, is abundant in ocular tissue and  involved in ocular pathological processes. For example, AQP0, which was  expressed in lens, its gene mutation would cause congenital cataract and abnormality in quantity or distribution would accelerate the development of age-related cataract. Besides that, dysregulation of AQP expression might cause numerous ocular disorders which related to water transport, such as macular edema of diabetic retinopathy (DR), high IOP of glaucoma, uveitis and  optica neuritis. A safe and effective approach interfering the quantity and distribution of AQP expression within ocular tissues  might represent a potential target for future therapeutic development of ocular diseases associated with fluid transporting disorder.  (Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2015, 39：200-205)

The integrin and its role in eye diseases

ZHOU Gui-Zhen, ZHANG Xing-Ru

2015, 39(3):  206-209.  doi:10. 3706/ cma. j. issn.1673-5803. 2015. 03. 013

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Integrin is a transmembrane protein, which is secreted by the cell and expressed on the cell surface. The major function of integrinis  is participating cell to cell and cell to extracellular matrix adhesion and signal transduction. Integrin is involved in the cell recognition, activation and signal transduction, cell proliferation and migration, differentiation and cell extend. These change the cells and the corresponding microenvironment of the extracellular matrix, and cause a series of physiological and pathological changes. Integrin is invovled in the physiological development of lens and pathological development of  lens diseases, glaucoma, corneal disease, myopia and proliferative vitreous retinopathy.  (Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2015, 39：206-209)

Research advancement of tissue engineering corneal scaffold

WANG Ying, CHEN Hui

2015, 39(3):  210-215.  doi:10. 3706/ cma. j. issn.1673-5803. 2015. 03. 014

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An ideal scaffold is the basic requirement for constructing a tissue engineering cornea. Currently, the common scaffolds includ biological materials, artificial materials and composite materials. Amnion, acellular corneal stroma and other biological materials belong to natural structures, with good histocompatibility, containing a variety of cytokines, and being non-irritating to body, but with limited sources and poor plasticity. Synthetic materials such as PGA have wide variety of sources, simple fabrication process, and controllable mechanical properties, but the metabolic process in the body is unclear. Composite material combines the advantages of bio- and organic synthetic material, but the mixing ratio of composite materials, biocompatibility and other physical and chemical characteristics need further study. Therefore, searching for a scaffold with higher biological activity, security, and transparency for tissue engineering is still the focus of the current corneal tissue engineering study.  (Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2015, 39：210-215)