International Review of Ophthalmology

Perioperative management of antithrombotic therapies in patients with elective ophthalmic surgery

WANG Ning1, QIN Ming-zhao1, ZHOU Dan2

2015, 39(5): 289-296. doi:10.3760/cma. j. issn. 1673\|5803.2015.05.001

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【Abstract】Elderly patients presenting for ophthalmic surgery are often having systemic diseases and using multiple drugs, particularly antithrombotic drugs. Different antithrombotic drugs has different perioperative bleeding risks in a variety of ophthalmic surgeries, thus it is necessary to adjust antithrombotic strategies, manage antiplatelet drugs and anticoagulants drugs to balance the risk of bleeding and thrombosis. (Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2015, 39: 289-296)

Advance on anterior segment ocular drug sustained delivery systems

LIU Xiao-an,YU Min-bin.

2015, 39(5): 297-302. doi:10.3760-cma.j.issn.1673-5803.2015.05.002

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At present, researches in drug release system for ocular anterior segment including pro-drug, polymer gel, additives and colloid dosage forms. Pro-drug and additives have an earlier research and wider application. Polymer gel and colloid dosage forms become the focus of the research for its better advantage of drug sustained release, high bio\|availability as well as patient’s comfort and tolerance. (Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2015, 39: 297.302)

Research of intraocular lens as an ocular drug delivery systemL

IU Jin-lu, KONG Jun.

2015, 39(5): 303-308. doi:10.3760-cma. j. issn.1673-5803.2015.05.003

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Delivering drugs to the ocular system has many approaches including topical, subconjunctival, intracameral, scleral, intravitreal, oral or intravenous administration. Intraocular lens (IOL) as an innovative drug reservoir has many advantages. Drug loading to IOL could work directly to the anterior chamber, providing higher intraocular drug concentration. It combines cataract surgery and postoperative treatments in a single procedure. Moreover IOL remains immobilized within the capsular bag or ciliary sulcus as a fixed drug releaser meanwhile. Nowadays several approaches undergone study to endow IOL with the ability of carrying different drugs are listed as followings: soaking, attaching a polymeric drug reservoir, plasma grafting, chemical grafting, layer\|by\|layer self\|assembly deposition, coating, supercritical fluids impregnation and so on. IOL drug delivery systems are mainly designed to treat against the complications of cataract surgery such as endophthalmitis, inflammation reaction and posterior capsular opacification. (Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2015, 39:303-308)

Research progress of autophagy in eye diseases

REN Jing1,2, LIU Jing-wen1,2, QIN Bo2

2015, 39(5): 309-314. doi:10.3760-cma.j.issn.1673-5803.2015.05.004

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Autophagy is a kind of cell status with which cells can protect themselves from unfavorable micro-environment. Eukaryotic cells clear accumulation of abnormal proteins, damaged or redundant organelles and microorganisms by autophagy to maintain cellular homeostasis. Increasing evidences had shown that autophagy is closely associated with the pathogenesis and progression of a number of ocular disorders including cataract, corneal dystrophy, glaucoma, age-related macular degeneration and other eye diseases. We expect regulating cell autophagy by small molecular compound (activator or depressor of autophagy) or durg, which will provide new treatment strategies for eye diseases. (Int Rev Ophthalmol,2015,39:309.314)

Current treatment of myopic foveoschisis

LI Qing-chen, WANG Hao.

2015, 39(5): 315-321. doi:10.3760-cma.j.issn.1673-5803.2015.05.005

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【Abstract】Benefiting from the development of optical coherence tomography (OCT), the term myopic foveoschisis which was first coined in 1999 gets more attention in recent years. Vitreoretinal surgery and scleral buckling improved the visual function of some myopic foveoschisis patients, while complications of internal limiting membrane peeling, gas tamponade etc. were disputed. We organised the evidence base and reviewed the therapeutic approaches, controversy and prognosis of myopic foveoschisis, so as to provide a comprehensive view for clinicians. (Int Rev Ophthalmol,2015,39:315-321)

The clinical application of macular pigment optical density measurement

ZHANG Chen1, CHEN Wei2.

2015, 39(5): 322-326. doi:10.3760-cma. j.issn.1673-5803.2015.05.006

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The macular area, a unique tissue structure, has the most keen vision, color vision and perception in shape. The study of human macular pigment and its distribution in vivo is now possible through determination of macular pigment optical density (MPOD). Previous studies have shown that MPOD decreasing is related to the development of diabetes and age-related macular degeneration. Now, more and more studies show that MPOD measurement can also be used to evaluate the prognosis of some eye diseases and related systemic diseases such as glaucoma, Stargardt disease, macular telangiectasia type 2 and Sjgren-Larsson syndrome.(Int Rev Ophthalmol,2015,39:322.326)

Cytokines associated with exudative age-related macular degeneration

FU Bo, LIU Zhe-li.

2015, 39(5): 327-332. doi:10.3760-cma. j.issn.1673-5803.2015.05.007

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Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is one of the most common causes of blindness in 50 year-old or more patients in the developed country. While the pathogenesis is complicated, many cytokines are involved in wet AMD pathogenesis, such as vascular endothelial growth factor, basic fibroblast growth factor, tumor necrosis factor-α, transforming growth factor, matrix metalloproteinases, insulin-like growth factor 1, angiopoietin, platelet derived growth factor and hepatocyte growth factor, which play important roles in promoting angiogenesis, inflammation and fibrosis. Action mechanisms investigations on those associated cytokines may represent potential therapeutic targets for AMD.(Int Rev Ophthalmol,2015,39:327.332)

The using timing of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor at perioperative period for proliferative diabetic retinopathy

YAN Yan-ni, WEI Wen-bin, ZHOU Jin-qiong.

2015, 39(5): 333-336. doi:10.3760/cma. j. issn. 1673-5803.2015.05.008

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Proliferative diabetic retinopathy is a major cause of blindness. Recently a large number of basic and clinical studies have shown that the treatments of intravitreal anti-vascular endothelial grow factor(VEGF) injection combined with panretinal photocoagulation or vitrectomy can achieve a good effect and reduce surgical complications. But using timing of anti-VEGF is an issue in clinic. A preoperative intravitreal injection can make the operation more easy, while intraoperative injection reduces the operation frequency. Surgeons should choose appropriate injection timing according to the patient situation to greatly benefit patients.(Int Rev Ophthalmol,2015,39:333.336)

Toll-like receptors and dry eye

ZHOU Fang1, XIAO Qi-guo2

2015, 39(5): 337-340. doi:10.3760-cma.j. issn.1673-5803.2015.05.009

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Toll-like receptors (TLR) are closely associated with the inflammation of many non-infectious ocular inflammatory disease, where in the dry eye that is one of the recent concern of ocular surface diseases. It can be expressed in various types of dry eye, and can promote the production of inflammatory cytokine, and influences on inflammatory factors may bring a new idea for the clinical treatment of dry eye.(Int Rev Ophthalmol,2015,39:337.340)

The research progress and prospect of canaloplasty

HU Cheng, LIANG Yuan-bo.

2015, 39(5): 341-345. doi:10.3760/cma.j.issn.1673-5803.2015.05.010

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As a non-penetrating glaucoma surgery (NPGS),canaloplasty has aroused a growing number of attention, which aims to restore the physiological outflow by dilating the Schlemm’s canal, thus facilitating aqueous outflow to treat glaucoma. The success rate of canaloplasty is equal to trabeculectomy in primary open angle glaucoma. The surgery shows lots of advantages: the effect of intraocular pressure\|reducing is non\|bleb related, no filtering blebs were detected, no antimetabolites were required during surgery, thus leading a low rate of bleb-related complications. However there is a long way to apply the new technical in clinic.(Int Rev Ophthalmol,2015,39:341.345)

Research advance in endoscopic cyclophotocoagulation

HE Ke1, JIA Ya-ding2, MA Tao2.

2015, 39(5): 346-350. doi:DOI: 10.3760-cma.j.issn.1673-5803.2015.05.011

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Endoscopic cyclophotocoagulation (ECP) is a new glaucoma surgical method, which is widely respected of ophthalmology. It is controllable and effective with few complications and widely applicability. In this article, we described the update clinical research of ECP, including its history and development, instrumentation and technique, clinical application differences between ECP and traditional cyclophotocoagulation, and its efficacy and safety with the available clinical evidence. (Int Rev Ophthalmol,2015,39:346.350)

Current research in the mechanism and treatment of idiopathic macular hole

LI Jie, ZHANG Xi-mei

2015, 39(5): 351-356. doi:10. 3760-cma. j. issn.1673-5803. 2015. 05. 012

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On the basis of optical coherence tomography (OCT) technique, the formation and development of idiopathic macular hole (IMH) can be well observed. A bistable hypothesis of full\|thickness macular hole formation and closure has been postulated to explain this linkage of the morphological changes on the two sides of a full\|thickness macular hole. The continuous innovation of different internal limiting membrane (ILM) peeling during vitreous\|retinal surgery, such as the inverted internal limiting membrane flap technique, the foveola nonpeeling internal limiting membrane technique and the autologous transplantation of the internal limiting membrane technique, can make macular hole closed better and patient’s visual function improved. In recent years, the pharmacologic vitreolysis, especially ocriplasmin, has gradual progress in the prevention and treatment of IMH. In this article we review the current research in the mechanism and treatment of IMH.(Int Rev Ophthalmol,2015,39:351.356)

T-lymphocyte and its cytokines in allergic conjunctivitis

NING Chan-hui1, LI Bing2, ZHENG Xiao-fen2.

2015, 39(5): 357-360. doi:10. 3760-cma.j.issn.1673-5803.2015.05.013

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Abstract】Allergic conjunctivitis is an abnormal hypersensitivity response of the immune system to commonly encountered antigens. It is considered a syndrome that comprises the entire ocular surface,including lids,conjunctiva,cornea and tear film.The symptoms include eyelid edema,itching,conjunctival redness,tearing and light sensitivity.These symptoms and signs affect patients, healthy and life seriously.The pathophysiology of allergic conjunctivitis is not completely clear. As far as we know,allergic eye disease might be caused by an immunoglobulin E(IgE)-mediated type Ⅰhypersensitivity reaction,or a T-lymphocyte-mediated cellular immune response.This article mainly discuss the research status of T lymphocytes and its cytokines of allergic conjunctivitis and make a summary of its pathogenic mechanism.(Int Rev Ophthalmol,2015,39:357.360)

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