Table of Content

25 June 2016, Volume 40 Issue 3

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The application of angio-OCT in optic disc blood flow detection of glaucoma

DONG Xiu-fen, ZHONG Hua.

2016, 40(3):  145-150.  doi:10. 3706/ cma. j. issn.1673-5803. 2016. 03. 001

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Angio-OCT is a new, noninvasive imaging technique that provides high-resolution, en-face images of the retinal, macular area and the optic nerve head. Angio-OCT could be applied to glaucomatous diagnosis and severity classification depending on measurement of capillary circulation in the optic disc and peripapillary retina, which first achieved anatomical level in the blood flow of optic disc analysis in vivo that provides evidence for the understanding of the pathogenesis in glaucoma and has important significance in vascular theory.

Research progress of inner macular layer thickness assessment using OCT for glaucoma diagnosis

UO Yan-jiao, GUO Yan, WANG Huai-zhou.

2016, 40(3):  150-155.  doi:10. 3706/ cma. j. issn.1673-5803. 2016. 03. 002

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Advances in optical coherence tomography (OCT) technology have enabled its imaging with increasingly speed and more axial resolution, combined with application of retinal inner layer algorithm; make the inner macular layer thickness assessment become possible. Recently, many studies focus on the changes in the macular inner layer during the pathological process of glaucoma and found the correlation evident in the macular structure changes and functional loss. In addition, various research methods help the clinicians enhance the diagnostic ability of glaucoma.

Recent advances in the protective effect of erythropoietin on retinal ganglion cells

ZHANG Lan, QING Guo-ping.

2016, 40(3):  155-160.  doi:10. 3706/ cma. j. issn.1673-5803. 2016. 03. 003

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Glaucoma is an optic neuropathy characterized by optic degeneration, apoptosis of retinal ganglion cells (RGC), and visual field loss.A major risk factor for the disease is pathological elevation of intraocular pressure. Now it is the second leading cause of blindness worldwide.To delaying the apoptosis of retinal ganglion cells (RGC) and to protecting injured optic nerve have aroused considerable attention in the field of glaucoma research.The researches on treating glaucoma have been focused on erythropoietin (EPO) in recent years. Studies have indicated that EPO can inhibit the apoptosis of RGC. EPO binds to its specific receptor (erythropoietin receptor, EPOR), then suppress different pathways (HIF-1 iNOS, RhoA/ROCK) and inhibits formation of the Bax/Bcl-2 complex to protect RGC.

Genome-wide association studies in keratoconus genetic etiology research

CHEN Hui-yu, XU Jian-jiang.

2016, 40(3):  161-166.  doi: 10. 3706/ cma. j. issn.1673-5803. 2016. 03. 004

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Keratoconus is a common multigenic disease with a complex mode of inheritance. But the pathogenic mechanism of keratoconus is still unknown. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) use high-throughput genotyping technologies to genotype single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) and relate them to the diseases. It has been the best method used in keratoconus genetic etiology research. For the past 5 years, GWAS in kerotconus has been highly successful, such as three suspected pathogenic genes, RAB3GAP1, HGF, LOX were found and some suspicious mutation sites were related to central corneal thickness.

Current progress in corneal epithelial thickness and its remodeling after corneal refractive surgery

HOU Jie1, WANG Yan2.

2016, 40(3):  166-170.  doi:10. 3706/ cma. j. issn.1673-5803. 2016. 03. 005

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Corneal epithelial remodeling after corneal refractive surgery has been proven as a significant factor in determining the outcomes of corneal refractive surgery.  The majority of studies have noted that increased epithelial thickness happened after myopic procedures. Accurate measurements of the epithelial thickness, such as by very high-frequency digital ultrasound, invivo confocal microscopy, anterior segment OCT,  can be helpful to observe the distribution of corneal epithelial thickness and its changes,   after keratorefractive surgery, and to   provide important information for  remodeling after corneal refractive surgery and  accuracy of refractive corneal.  

Research progress of signaling pathways in posterior capsular opacification

DU Wen-wen, ZHANG Feng-yan.

2016, 40(3):  170-178.  doi:10. 3706/ cma. j. issn.1673-5803. 2016. 03. 006

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Posterior capsular opacification (PCO) is the most common complication of cataract surgery. The main reason of PCO is that the lens epithelia cells (LEC) proliferation, migration, epithelial-to-mesenehymal transition, and extracellular matrix deposits, etc. Many signaling pathways such as TGF-β/Smads signaling pathway, PI3K/AKT signaling pathway, MAPK signaling pathway, Wnt signaling pathway, integrins signaling pathway, NF-κB signaling pathway, Rho/Rock signaling pathway play the important roles in maintaining the biological behavior of LEC related to PCO and become a hot topic nowadays. This paper mainly summarized the relationship of signaling pathways and PCO. It is important to explore the pathogenesis of PCO, which offers a new research idea for prevention of PCO.

The role of cytokines in complicated cataract caused by uveitis

ZHANG Ying-lei, ZHU Xiang-jia, LU Yi.

2016, 40(3):  178-182.  doi:10. 3706/ cma. j. issn.1673-5803. 2016. 03. 007

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The role of cytokines (CD4+T-associated cytokines, VEGF, pro-inflammatory cytokine, etc) in inflammation has been demonstrated, and a high-level expression has been showed in active period. Postoperative complications of complicated cataract in patients with non-infectious uveitis are frequent and severe because of the recurrent inflammation. Multiple cytokines are involved in the pathogenesis of complications, but the specific mechanism is still unclear. In recent years, more studies about cytokines expression and its function have been performed. In addition, the efficacy of the treatments specific to cytokines have been published and satisfactory outcomes have been achieved.

Research progress and treatment of vitreous floaters

LI Yang, LI Qiu-ming.

2016, 40(3):  182-186.  doi:10. 3706/ cma. j. issn.1673-5803. 2016. 03. 008

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Vitreous floaters is a common  ophthalmology disease accompanied with the symptom that patients can see some spots, shadows, cobwebs, and other assorted shapes in front of their eyes. As the floater is considered to be a benign procedure, ophthalmologists are often reluctant to consider intervention. Although almost all patients accept the conservative management option, there are still some patients with a significant visual disturbance who may desire a more aggressive treatment intervention for resolution of their visual symptoms. The efficacy and safety of various treatments increasingly attract the attention of scholars. In this paper, we reviewed some kinds of causes, treatment of floaters and treatment methods. 

Application of melphalan for  retinoblastoma

LIU Yi-nan, WEI Wen-bin.

2016, 40(3):  187-191.  doi:10. 3706/ cma. j. issn.1673-5803. 2016. 03. 009

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Melphalan is the most effective drug in curing retinoblastoma (RB) currently. At present, the mainstream drug delivery mode is intraarterial chemotherapy and intravitreal injection. No adverse events happened in 70% of the patients who received intraarterial chemotherapy within two years. Because there has been hardly any systemic toxicity reported, intraarterial chemotherapy of melphalan is now widely used. Curing vitreous seeds is the most challenging part in the treatment of RB. However, when the technic of intravitreal injection of melphalan appears, the eyeball salvage rate of RB with vitreous seeds is surpassing any of the treating methods before. Therefore, intraarterial chemotherapy and intravitreal injection of melphalan are safe and effective ways to cure RB.

Role of vascular endothelial growth factor in proliferative vitreoretinopathy

LU Ya-nan 1，ZHANG Dong-chang 2, YUAN Li-li 2.

2016, 40(3):  192-196.  doi:10. 3706/ cma. j. issn.1673-5803. 2016. 03. 010

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The pathogenesis of proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR) is not totally clear. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) was demonstrated to be increased in vitreous and epiretinal membranes of patients with PVR and animal PVR models. In animal PVR models, anti-VEGF therapy could effectively prevent the development of PVR. The mechanism of VEGF promoting the development of PVR may be that VEGF competes with platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) for binding to platelet-derived growth factor receptor α (PDGFR-α). VEGF therefore increases the pool of monomeric PDGFR-α available to be indirectly activated by growth factors outside PDGF (non-PDGFs), stimulating signaling pathways such as PI3K/Akt, which reduces the level of p53. 

The imaging diagnosis of lacrimal gland tumor

2016, 40(3):  196-200.  doi:10. 3706/ cma. j. issn.1673-5803. 2016. 03. 011

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The incidence of lacrimal gland tumors in the orbital disease is higher, with huge variability in the age and no obvious gender differences. Major manifestations are exophthalmos, dislocation towards the nose side, eye movement limitation and mass touching in eyelids, etc. There are many different kinds of lacrimal gland tumor. Understanding the imaging characteristics helps us to make judgement of the prognosis and operation design. This paper describes lacrimal gland epithelial tumors of pleomorphic adenoma,adenoid cystic carcinoma, mucoepidermoid carcinoma, oncocytic carcinoma,lacrimal gland adenocarcinoma, lacrimal gland epithelial cysts; and the nonepithelial tumors of lacrimal gland including dycryoadenitis idiopathic orbital inflammatory pseudotumor, lacrimal gland benign lymphoepithelial lesion, lymphoma and multiple myeloma.This paper  makes a summary of lacrimal gland tumor imaging to help us for diagnosis. 

Oberity and eye diseases

SUN Bao-chen, HU Ai-lian,YANG Xiao-Hui, ZHENG Yuan-yuan.

2016, 40(3):  201-205.  doi:10. 3706/ cma. j. issn.1673-5803. 2016. 03. 012

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Globally, obesity is a major public health problem, with prevalence increasing at staggering rates in many countries. Obesity has been recognized as a significant risk factor for many eye diseases, especially the age related eye diseases, such as cataract, glaucoma, age-related macular degeneration, and diabetic retinopathy. As global aging intensifies, eye disease associated with obesity also increases, and various burdens on society and family will be increased dramatically. Therefore, we emphasized that it is essential to prevent obesity.On account of a clear pathophysiological mechanisms explanation for the association of obesity with eye diseases is currently lacking, therefore, this is a very problem to be resolved in the future.

The mental health  of children with facial disfigurement

LU Nan, LI Dong-mei.

2016, 40(3):  206-212.  doi:10. 3706/ cma. j. issn.1673-5803. 2016. 03. 013

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Children with facial deformity always encounter social adaption problems and psychological problems in the process of contacting with the outside world. Facial deformity and negative social feedback will contribute to the formation of abnormal self-concept which leads to the inferiority complex, isolation feelings and some other adverse psychological states. In order to resist the bad influence from stereotyping reaction, they will form abnormal psychological defense mechanism. Family environment, academic background of parents, type of deformity and cosmetic repairing are considered as most important influence factors to the psychological development of children with facial deformity, but the special mechanism and extent is not yet clear. The therapy for the deformed mentality has been improved from usual interventions to the generally applied evidence-based psychosocial therapy. The latest research has been focused on the modular approach to therapy for children with anxiety, depression, or conduct problems (MATCH), which has been proved more useful than the former therapy. 

Oculo-facio-cardio-dental syndrome

ZHANG Jing-shang, WAN Xiu-hua.

2016, 40(3):  213-216.  doi:10. 3706/ cma. j. issn.1673-5803. 2016. 03. 014

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Oculo-facio-cardio-dental (OFCD) syndrome is a rare X-linked dominant genetic disease, the main clinical features are related to the ocular, facial, cardiovascular and dental anomalies, the abnormities of eye is mainly congenital cataract, and with a higher incidence. In recent years many researches of OFCD syndrome were reported, in order to improve the understanding of the OFCD syndrome, we make a review of the advances of clinical features, gene research and therapy of OFCD.