Table of Content

22 April 2020, Volume 44 Issue 2

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Posner-Schlossman syndrome

Lin Chuanqi, Jiang Junhong, Zhang Shaodan, Liang Yuanbo

2020, 44(2):  73-81.  doi:10.3760/cma.j.issn.1673-5803.2020.02.001

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Glaucomato-cyclitic syndrome, or Posner-Schlossman Syndrome (PSS), is a secondary open angle glaucoma characterized by acute attacks of mild non-granulomatous anterior uveitis. Its etiology and pathogenesis are unknown. Manifestations of recurrently raised unilateral intraocular pressure(IOP), relatively mild anterior chamber inflammation are present in PSS, which can result in irreversible optic nerve damage. The etiology includes infections of virus and Helicobacter pylori, immunity, genes, etc. The pathogenesis of ocular hypertension can be speculated by prostaglandin, coefficient of outflow facility, metabonomics of aqueous humor, but more researches are needed. At present, anti-inflammatory and reducing IOP are the main means of clinical treatment. Anti-glaucoma surgical indications are still controversial, but combined antiviral therapy has certain effects on reducing recurrence.(Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2020, 44：73-81)

Application of XEN gel stent implantation for glaucoma

Qi Shixin, Liu Huijuan, He Wei

2020, 44(2):  82-86.  doi:10.3760/cma.j.issn.1673-5803.2020.02.002

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XEN gel stent implantation is a new type of minimally invasive glaucoma surgery. It is an external drainage operation. The operation has the advantages of less tissue damage, shorter operation time, effective reduction of intraocular pressure, fewer complications and easy to learn. However, the strict management of filtering blebs after operation is important to improve the success rate of the operation. (Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2020, 44： 82-86)


Simultaneous bilateral cataract surgery

Chang Di, He Hailong, Wang Jinda, Wan Xinhua

2020, 44(2):  87-91.  doi:10.3760/cma.j.issn.1673-5803.2020.02.003

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Simultaneous bilateral cataract surgery (SBCS) is not routinely performed in developing countries. The reluctance of many ophthalmologists to consider it relates to the worry about endopthalmitis and the inconvenience to adjust the operation plan including intraocular lens calculating error in the second eye. In recent years, the improved safety and reliability of modern cataract surgery suggest that the feasibility of SBCS should be reconsidered, which has a series of advantages in saving medical resources and cost, reducing the risk of anesthesia especially general anesthesia, and improving the surgical visual effect and results in children.(Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2020, 44：87-91)

Sutureless intrascleral intraocularlens fixation

Teng He, Tian Fang, Zhang Hong

2020, 44(2):  91-99.  doi:10.3760/cma.j.issn.1673-5803.2020.02.004

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Sutureless intrascleral  intraocular lens（IOL） fixation methods are newer and have been developed to eliminate the suture-related complications of sutured scleral fixation methods.The methods of sutureless intrascleral fixated  including preparing scleral tunnels such as sutureless sclera internal IOL fixation with needle or vitreous retinal knife for sclera tunnel preparation, Yamane method for flanged intrascleral IOL fixation with double-needle technique, transconjunctival intrascleral IOL fixation, and self-sealing sclera incision fixation, as well as the method of preparing scleral flap such as fibrin glue-assisted intrascleral IOL fixation and sutureless glueless intrascleral IOL fixation. The results showed that sutureless intrascleral IOL fixation was an effective, safe and practical operation method. While the reports in the literature include a limited number of cases and the follow-up periods are short. Short-term results of these new methods are acceptable. However, studies including more cases with longer follow-up are needed in the future. (Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2020, 44：91-99)

Telomere influences the pathogenesis of age-related cataract through anti-oxidative stress

Wang Yinhao, Liu Ziyuan, Li Xuemin

2020, 44(2):  99-104.  doi:10.3760/cma.j.issn.1673-5803.2020.02.005

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The pathogenesis of age-related cataracts remains unclear. Oxidative stress is considered associated with the occurrence of age-related cataract at present. Telomere length is the “molecular clock” for cell lifespan. Telomere shortening is associated with senescence of cells, and oxidative stress can accelerate telomeric damage and telomere shortening. Telomerase can maintain telomere length, increase the resistance to oxidative stress, and promote cell proliferation. Telomerase activity only exists in several somatic cell types, including lens epithelium. In lens epithelial cells, telomerase mainly improves cells’ resistance to oxidative stress, and protect cells from damage, rather than promote cell proliferation. Varying from animals and humans, the association between telomere length and cataract is species-specific. Therefore, an insight into the interaction of oxidative stress with the telomeric system and their influence on the pathogenesis of age-related cataracts is helpful for the treatment and prevention of age-related cataracts.(Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2020, 44：99-104)

Research and application of chitosan and its derivatives in ophthalmic diseases

Wu Liping, Yang Ruibo, Gao Yichen, Zhao Shaozhen

2020, 44(2):  105-111.  doi:10.3760/cma.j.issn.1673-5803.2020.02.006

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As a deacetylation product of chitin, chitosan is the only basic cationic polysaccharide. It has been widely used in the medical field, such as wound healing, drug carriers, and tissue engineerin, because its good biocompatibility, non-toxicity, low sensitivity and biodegradability. Based on the biological characteristics of chitosan and its derivatives, this article will review the application and research of chitosan in the following ophthalmic subspecialties: sustained release of drugs for ocular surface diseases (such as eyelid defects, dry eyes, keratitis, corneal wound healing, corneal tissue engineering); chitosan coating complex liposome which can delay cataract formation, sustained release of antimetabolite from chitosan nanoparticles modified intraocular lens to prevent posterior capsule opacification(PCO); anti-glaucoma drug sustained release for glaucoma treatment and anti-scarring drug sustained release post filter surgery; chitosan oligosaccharides’ effect in experimental autoimmune anterior uveitis; retinopathy (insulin sustained release for diabetic retinopathy, a kind of new scleral buckling material for retinal detachment, and chitosan oligosaccharides prevent retina from ischemia-reperfusion injury). However, most researches are in vitro or animal experiments, and there are no large sample size and rigorously designed long-term clinical trials. (Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2020, 44： 105-111)

Current research of transepithelial photorefractive keratectomy（trans-PRK）

Wang Shuhan, Huang Yue

2020, 44(2):  112-116.  doi:10.3760/cma.j.issn.1673-5803.2020.02.007

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Transepithelial photorefractive keratectomy (Trans-PRK) is a new type of corneal surface surgery. It has the characteristics of more accurate cutting, no negative pressure suction and no incision. The change of the cutting mode reduces the previous surface surgery Postoperative pain, improves epithelial healing delays and other issues. At present, its safety and efficacy have been verified, but the recovery of corneal nerve fibers, corneal biomechanical changes and postoperative related complications still need to be further studied and improved. (Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2020, 44： 112-116)

Prevalence and risk factors of dry eye in children

Ning Yuxian, Zhao Shaozhen

2020, 44(2):  117-120.  doi:10.3760/cma.j.issn.1673-5803.2020.02.008

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Dry eye in children was concern as a rare disease. But nowadays more and more children complain about dry. The incidence of dry eye in children was about 02%. The prevalence of dry eye in children was from 66% to 20%.The risk factors of dry eye in children included prolonged visual display terminal (VDT) use, allergic conjunctivitis, contact lens use, passive smoking, environment change ,air pollution and  nutritional factors. (Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2020, 44：117-120)

Indirect traumatic optic neuropathy

Li Qingji

2020, 44(2):  121-125.  doi:10.3760/cma.j.issn.1673-5803.2020.02.009

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Indirect traumatic optic neuropathy（ITON）is an acute injury of the optic nerve with disruption of visual function and is part of the spectrum of head. The consequence of the injury is severe although the incidence is low. Recent researches suggest that the pathogenesis is associated with compartment syndrome in orbital apex. Functional magnetic resonance image（MRI）for its diagnosis becomes more and more important. Transcaruncular optic canal decompression（OND）is introduced recently although transnasal OND is the main operation selection. In this review, we focused on the operation opportunity, surgery effects, surgery techniques and complications of optic canal decompression in recent articles.(Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2020, 44：121-125)

Application of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor fusion protein in ophthalmology

Liu Qiqi1, Gao Honglian2, Li Xinmeng1, Yu Rui1, Zhang Lei1

2020, 44(2):  126-132.  doi:10.3760/cma.j.issn.1673-5803.2020.02.010

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Anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) fusion protein consisting of VEGF receptor and Fc segment of human IgG, which can be competitive with VEGF receptor in combination with VEGF, thereby VEGF receptor will be prevented from being activated. As the binding capacity of anti-VEGF fusion protein to VEGF is much higher than that of monoclonal anti-VEGF drugs, the high-affinity anti-VEGF drugs has been widely applied in the treatment of diseases abnormally caused by generation, releasing and activation of VEGF. At present, it is mainly used to reduce VEGF production to subside or prevent neovascularization and treatment of macular edema associated with various vascular diseases. Since anti-VEGF fusion protein appeared later than monoclonal drugs, most studies have found that anti-VEGF fusion protein can be used to treat diseases poorly treated by monoclonal drugs. At the same time, it has also been reported that the therapeutic effect of anti-VEGF drugs replacement is better than that of single drug. Anti-tumor therapy is also a potential field for anti-VEGF fusion protein drugs. According to the research on the expression of anti-VEGF fusion protein drugs acting factor and related factors of myopia formation, they may have inhibitory effect on myopia formation. (Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2020, 44：126-132)

Research progress of RB1+/+MYCNA retinoblastoma

Li Weiwei, Zhou Xiyuan

2020, 44(2):  133-139.  doi:10.3760/cma.j.issn.1673-5803.2020.02.011

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Retinoblastoma is the most common malignant ocular tumor among young children. The famous “two-hit hypothesis” states that loss of both alleles of a tumor suppressor gene (RB1 gene) is necessary to initiate retinoblastoma. However, recent researches reveal that oncogene MYCN amplification is much more common among unilateral retinoblastoma without a detectable RB1 mutation, thus RB1+/+MYCNA is regarded as a new genotype of retinoblastoma. Compared to classical RB1-/- tumors, RB1+/+/MYCNA tumors show early onset, strongers and low salvage rate. MYCN gene also provides a new target for precise treatment of retinoblastoma. (Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2020, 44：133-139)

Role of extracellular vesicle miRNA in pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy

Chen Kaichuan1, 2, Sheng Minjie1, Li Bing1

2020, 44(2):  139-post insert II.  doi:10.3760/ cma.j.issn.1673-5803.2020.02.012

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Extracellular vesicles are nanoscale vesicles containing microvesicles, exocrine bodies and apoptotic bodies, which are secreted by nuclear endosomes. The exosome contains proteins, lipids and tiny RNA. micro-RNA (miRNAs) is a kind of highly conserved, non-coding small RNA that regulates the expression of target genes at the post-transcriptional level by complementary pairing with the transcribed mRNA of target genes. In recent years, it has been found that miRNAs is closely related to the occurrence and development of diabetic retinopathy and is a biomarker for early detection and treatment of diabetic retinopathy. This article reviews the expression of miRNAs (miR-126, miR-29b, miR-200b, miR-1273G-3p, miR-93, and miR-142-5p) in retina and the role of its target genes in the pathogenesis of DR. (Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2020, 44： 139-post insert II)