Table of Content

22 April 2012, Volume 36 Issue 2

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Advances of femtosecondlentotomy for the treatment of presbyopia

YU Yin-hui, YAO Ke.

2012, 36(2):  73-77.  doi:10. 3760/ cma. j. issn. 16735803. 2012. 02. 001

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Presbyopia is the physical defect which every human being will be affected with as the accommodation decreases with age and therefore working at close range may be difficult. The well accepted reason for presbyopia is the agerelated hardening of crystalline lens, decreased flexibility and deformability as well as a loss of the accommodative power. As a possible treatment option, femtosecond laser is a promising tool to make microcuts inside the lens to creat gliding planes at desired depth and shape via the effect of laserinduced optical breakdown, hence the flexibility and deformability of the tissue is supposed to be reestablished and the potential adjustment power may be reconstructed dynamically as a result. Several reasearches have verified the therapeutic effect, effectiveness and safety of this innovative technology. Still, certain problems remain untackled. The purpose of this review is to outline the theoretical basis, experimental study, effect and the problems faced to discuss this evolving technology in presbyopia treatment.  (Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2012, 36: 73-77)

Advances in upper eyelid anatomy 

2012, 36(2):  78-83.  doi:10. 3760/ cma. j. issn. 16735803. 2012. 02. 002

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A successful eyelid surgery depends on a thorough understanding of its anatomic structure and function. Recently, more and more researches focused on the advances in subtle structures of upper eyelid anatomy. In this review, we introduce new findings of these subtle structures, including levator palpebrae superioris(LPS), levator aponeurosis, Müller's muscle, orbital septum, myoneural junction of the LPS muscle, adipose tissue in the upper eyelid, ligament system in the upper eyelid, and further discuss implications related to surgeries.  (Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2012, 36: 78-83)

The association of refractive error and amblyopia with congenital ptosis

HU Rong, LI Dong-mei.

2012, 36(2):  84-88.  doi:10. 3760/ cma. j. issn. 16735803. 2012. 02. 003

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Congenital ptosis is a common congenital eyelid disease. It can cause the change of refractive status (myopia or hyperopia) and associates with amblyopia. It even affects  the patients’ psychological health. On the other hand, the drooping eyelid may add pressure on the cornea, causing changes in the corneal topography. This review summarized the studies on the relationship between congenital ptosis and refractive error, amblyopia and corneal topography.  (Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2012, 36: 84-88)

Research progress of seed cells in the construction of tissueengineered cornea 

LI Hong-song, ZOU Jun.

2012, 36(2):  88-92.  doi:10. 3760/ cma. j. issn16735803. 2012. 02. 004

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There remain several drawbacks including limited availability of donor corneas as well as recurrent allograft rejection and subsequent graft failure in conventional corneal transplantation. Although there have been established eye banks in many places, donor corneas are still limited. Therefore, it is significant to expand the sources of donor cornea, and construct the tissue engineered cornea in the treatment of severe ocular surface disease. We expound the classification of seed cells in the construction of tissueengineered cornea and the repair of injured cornea. Furthermore, we analyze the advantage and disadvantage with regard to seed cells in the construction of tissueengineered cornea, and supply some ideas for the research of tissue engineered cornea.  (Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2012, 36: 8892)

Lenstar for ocular biometry measurements

LIU Hang-hang, LI Jin-ying.

2012, 36(2):  93-97.  doi:10. 3760/ cma. j. issn16735803. 2012. 02. 005

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Accurate ocular biometrics are critical to intraocular lens (IOL) implantation or refractive surgery. Lenstar LS900 as a new optical low coherence reflectometry device is well received in both clinical and research work,due to its noncontact measurement, single alignment requirement, more parameters and high resolution, etc. This article will review the principle, characteristics of Lenstar, the research and clinical applications on measuring axial length, anterior chamber depth, corneal curvature, central corneal thickness, lens thickness, vitreous chamber depth, retinal thickness, choroidal thickness, horizontal iris width, pupil size, visual axis decentration and IOL estimator, etc.  (Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2012, 36: 93-97)

Gene study in congenital cataract

FAN Fan, LI Dan, LUO Yi.

2012, 36(2):  98-103.  doi:10. 3760/ cma. j. issn16735803. 2012. 02. 006

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Approximately fifty percent of all congenital cataract cases may have a genetic cause. Inherited congenital cataracts have been associated with mutations in specific genes, at least 26 of which have been located and identified up to now, including those of crystallins, membrane transport and channel proteins, the cytoskeleton, and growth and transcription factors. The purpose of this article is to review the literature on the recent advances about the molecular genetic basis of congenital cataracts.  (Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2012, 36: 98-103)

25-gauge  vitrectomy system for  the surgery of eye anterior segment

ZHANG Ying-ying, ZHANG Li-gui.

2012, 36(2):  104-108.  doi:10. 3760/ cma.j.issn16735803201202007

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One of the most revolutionary developments in vitreoretinal surgery is 25gauge transconjunctival sutureless vitrectomy. Its use in the treatment of retina diseases has achieved signifcant effects. With the improvement of surgical technique, it has been developed for application to the operation of eye anterior segment, especially for  pediatric cataract surgery, during which  posterior capsulotomy and anterior vitrectomy are performed via a corneoscleral limbal or pars plana approach with it. This paper summaries the  principle,  advantages, indications and the potential accomplications of 25gauge transconjunctival sutureless vitrectomy system for the surgery of eye anterior segment.   (Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2012, 36: 104-108) 

The relationship of structure-function in glaucoma 

JIANG Guan-sen, YUAN Yuan-sheng, ZHONG Hua.

2012, 36(2):  109-115.  doi:10. 3760/ cma. j. issn16735803. 2012. 02. 008

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Glaucoma is a progressive optic neuropathy and functional visual loss characterized by an acquired atrophy of the optic nerve due to the loss of retinal ganglion cells and their axons in the retina. Measurement of visual function is usually based on whiteonwhite standard automated perimetry (SAP). Glaucomatous defect in visual field typically manifested as nerve fiber bundle defect. Examination of the optic nerve head topography can be conducted using a variety of imaging techniques such as the retina tomography or similar instruments. Although either structural or functional damage can occur without the other developing, it is generally thought that structural damage is detectable before functional loss with the tools currently available and the location of visual field defect was corresponding with specific retinal nerve fiber layer(RNFL)  damage. Many studies suggest that  RNFL thickness measurements with OCT may provide a better crosssectional representation of visual function than with HRT II and GDx VCC measurements. The relationship between glaucomatous structure damage and functional changes plays a central role in the diagnosis, classification and visual function evaluation of glaucoma. This article provides a review of the structurefunction relationship in glaucoma.  (Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2012, 36: 109-115)

Transforming growth factor beta and the bleb scarring after glaucoma filtration surgery   

ZHANG Jia-ying, XIAO Yi-qin, YE Wen.

2012, 36(2):  116-121.  doi:10. 3760/ cma. j. issn16735803. 2012. 02. 009

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Bleb scarring is the main cause of glaucoma filtration surgery failure. Transforming growth factorbeta (TGFβ) can induce the phenotypic modulation of human Tenon's capsule fibroblasts, then cause further migration, proliferation of the cells, synthesis of extracellular matrix, and eventually lead to the scarring of the bleb. There had been a lot of researchs at cytokine and gene level  in antifibrotic area in recent years, which include TGFβ antibodies (such as antiTGFβ2 antibody, CAT152), TGFβ inhibitors (such as decorin, chymase inhibitor, SB431542, etc.) and genetic level reagents (such as TGFβ antisense oligonucleotides, etc.) to inhibit the important target and protein expression in TGFβ signaling pathways (such as ALK5/Smad2/Smad3, MAPK, RhoROCK, PI3KAKT signaling pathways, etc.), so as to achieve the role of reducing bleb scarring. But most of these drugs were lack of clinical trials support  and of comparative studies among different drugs. Therefore, indepth studies are still needed to explore the relationship among TGFβ cell signaling pathways, and find the best target for the regulation of bleb scarring.  (Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2012, 36: 116121)

Multi-expression gene therapy of ophthalmic diseases

WANG Ying-zhi, WEI Wen-bin.

2012, 36(2):  122-127.  doi:10. 3760/ cma. j. issn16735803. 2012. 02. 010

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The multiexpressing gene therapy is a popular strategy for the treatment research  in multi\|gene genetic diseases, and it is becoming a promising technique. In order to obtain a better effect of the multiexpressing gene treatment one can use single gene therapy as a foundation and select some genes which have synergistic effect in the  study of combined gene therapy. Combing the multiexpressing gene therapy has had preliminary results in some eye diseases such as inherited retinitis pigmentosa，ocular neovascular disease and glaucoma. The article reviews the concepts, advantages of the multiexpressing gene therapy, the method of combined genes construction, the selection of gene vector, the related experimental operation and the study situation at the present.  (Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2012, 36: 122-127)

Tissue factor and agerelated macular degeneration  

PENG Wen-yan, YU Ying, CHEN Hui.

2012, 36(2):  128-133.  doi:10. 3760/ cma. j. issn16735803. 2012. 02. 011

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Tissue factor (TF) is traditionally assigned to the onset of the extrinsic coagulation pathway. Recently, studies showed that an enhanced expression of TF has been implicated in angiogenesis, inflammation and apoptosis, all of which are the key processes underlying the pathogenesis of agerelated macular degeneration (AMD). Furthermore, TF is widely expressed in retinal tissue including retinal cells, inflammatory cells, mature vasculature and neovasculature of the macula characterized by drusen or choroidal neovascularization (CNV). This article reviews the biological features of TF and the potential role of increased TF expression in the pathogenesis of AMD, and helps us to find out a novel target for a safety and effective treatment of AMD.  (Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2012, 36: 128133)   

Clinical progress on intravitreal injection of bevacizumab (Avastin) for treatment of retinopathy of prematurity  

LIN Si-yong, ZHENG Yue-zhong.

2012, 36(2):  133-137.  doi:10. 3760/ cma. j. issn. 16735803. 2012. 02. 012

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Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)  plays an important role in the development of retinopathy of prematurity (ROP). Inhibition of VEGF expression with antiVEGF drugs in the neovascular phase of ROP might prevent destructive neovascularization in ROP. Clinical studies of application of bevacizumab (Avastin) in treatment of ROP in different ways which include intravitreal injection, intravitreal injection combined with retinal photocoagulation or vitrectomy were reviewed in this article. Safety of intravitreal injection of bevacizumab for treatment of ROP was also reviewed.  (Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2012, 36: 133137)

The application of visual evoked potentials for the diagnosis and treatment of multiple sclerosis

LIU Rui, ZHANG Zuo-ming.

2012, 36(2):  138-142.  doi:10. 3760/ cma. j. issn16735803. 2012. 02. 013

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Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disease of the central nervous system.  The vision pathway,  including the retina, optic nerve, optic chiasm, optic thalamus and optic radiation can be involved. The present study showed that visual evoked potentials (VEP) could diagnose earlier than the clinical symptoms of MS and was superior to the MRI for the fundation of  the lesions of visual pathway in MS. Pathological changes of the retina in MS patients could be diagnosed and evaluated combining with optical coherence tomography (OCT) and scanning laser polarization instrument (SLP). The improvement of VEP techniques will be helpful to the diagnosis and treatment of MS.  (Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2012, 36: 138-142)