International Review of Ophthalmology

Endoscopic surgery in ophthalmology: current concepts and advances

YANG Yang-fan, YU Min-bin

2012, 36(3): 145-149. doi:103706/ cma.j.issn.16735803201203001

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Endoscopic surgery has been evolving rapidly in last twenty years. Currently, ophthalmic endoscopic surgeries include intraocular surgeries by ophthalmic endoscopy, lacrimal drainage surgery by lacrimal endoscopy and decompression of optic canal or dacryocystorhinostomy by nasal endoscopy. Endoscopic surgeries have developed to be an important alternative in ophthalmology. The article reviews the history, type and basic principles, surgery approaches, indications, therapeutic effect and complications of endoscopic surgery in ophthalmology.

Location and function of corneal epithelial stem cells

SUN Xiao-ting, BI Yan-long

2012, 36(3): 149-154. doi:10 3760/ cma. j. issn. 16735803 2012 03 002

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It is widely accepted that corneal epithelial stem cells are located in the corneal limbus, and they have been named limbal stem cells (LSCs). LSCs are considered playing an important role in the renewal and restoration of the corneal epithelium. However, recently several studies came up with an idea that oligopotent stem cells are found in the whole ocular surface, and LSCs may not be the crucial factor in the corneal selfrenewal. All these suspects indicate that there may be some other stem cells maintaining the corneal epithelium selfrenewal. Nevertheless, the hypothesis is still controversial. This article focuses on the results of recent studies, introduces the latest progress in location and function of corneal epithelial stem cells.

Relative genes of autosomal dominant congenital cataracts

QIU Jing-sen, ZHANG Ming-zhi

2012, 36(3): 155-162. doi:103706/ cma.j.issn.16735803201203003

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Congenital cataract is developed due to the metabolic disturbance of lens in embryo, which induces the degression of the transparency of lens. Genetic factors are associated with development of this disease. Autosomal dominant congenital cataract （ADCC） is the major type in reported congenital cataract. So far, twentytwo genes associated with ADCC have been found. These genes invole CRY, GJA, MIP, BFSP, transcription factor, and so on. This paper summarizes the genetic researches on ADCC in recent years.

Classification and evolution of primary angle closure disease

YOU Yu-xia, LI Jian-jun, MA Ke

2012, 36(3): 163-166. doi:10 3760/ cma. j. issn. 16735803 2012 03 004

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Primary angle closure disease (PACD) has great variety of classifications and terminologies. The traditional classification of PACD based on clinical presentation, is useful in allowing easy recognition of the type of management necessary, but the definition is not clear. The classification developed by the International Society of Geographical and Epidemiological Ophthalmology (ISGEO) was concise, especially helpful in epidemiologic surveys, but could not be widely used by the clinician. A new classification proposed recently has amalgamated all the clinically subtypes of PACD into a staging, such as PACD suspect, PACD Ⅰ, PACD Ⅱ, PACD Ⅲ, and it is helpful for treatment.

The risk factors of posterior vitreous detachment

SHI Hui-min, YE Wen

2012, 36(3): 166-171. doi:103706/ cma.j.issn.16735803201203005

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Posterior vitreous detachment (PVD) is the most common agerelated change in vitreous. The nosogenesis is still unknown. Recent studies show that PVD is closely related to many risk factors besides age, such as female, excessive intake of vitamin B6, high myopia, retinal or optic disc revascularizations, retinal vascular occlusion, and intraocular surgery, etc.

Relationship between GAP43 and the survival and axon regeneration of injuried retinal ganglion cells

WANG Rui-hong, HOU Shi-ke,WU Zhi-hong

2012, 36(3): 172-177. doi:103706/ cma.j.issn.16735803201203006

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Growthassociated protein43 (GAP43), as a specific phosphate protein of neuron membrane, manily expressing at the synaptic terminal or presynaptic membrane in the nervous tissue growing, differential, or regenerative, has closely associated with the outgrowth, synaptic plasticity, cell survival and axon regeneration of retinal ganglion cells (RGC). However, it has been poorly understood in the mechanism of GAP43 for the promoting RGC survival and axon regeneration. Offering important insights into physiologic role and regulating mechanism of GAP43 was important to charify RGC survival and axon regeneration and was helpful to nerve regeneration study and clinical treatment.

Stem cell therapy and its application to the treatment for choroidal neovascularization

HOU Hui-yuan, LIANG Hong-liang, WANG Yu-sheng

2012, 36(3): 177-182. doi:10 3760/ cma. j. issn. 16735803 2012 03 007

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Choroidal neovascularization (CNV) is a common cause of severe and irreversible visual loss. Therefore, the exploration of the treatment for CNV is always the focus of relative medical researches. Investigations indicated that stem cells contribute to CNV formation, which brings opportunity for the application of stem cell therapy to CNV treatment. In this review, we discuss the principle, foundation, strategy, preliminary research, advantages and outlook of stem cells application.

Relationship between CD40 signal passway and choroidal neovascularization

SU Yan, LIU Fang

2012, 36(3): 182-188. doi:10 3760/ cma. j. issn. 16735803 2012 03 008

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Choroidal neovascularization (CNV) can be caused by agerelated macular degeneration, pathologic myopia, ocular trauma, and other eye diseases. The pathogenesis of CNV has not been fully elucidated. Cluster of differentiation 40 protein (CD40) and its ligand (CD40L) costimulatory system is an important signal transduction pathway in immune cells, which activates CD40 to stimulate a variety of angiogenic growth factor secretion, such as VEGF, basic fibroblast growth factor, and leads to the CNV. The high level of expression of CD40 and CD40L has been detected in CNV related diseases. Intervention of CD40 signal pathway may become a new target for CNV treatment.

Expression and function of microRNAs in retinopathy

LI Min, WANG Fang

2012, 36(3): 189-193. doi:103706/ cma.j.issn.16735803201203009

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microRNAs (miRNAs) are endogenous, noncoding single strand RNA with about 22 nucleotides. They inhibit gene translation through base pairing with mRNA (ususlly 3’ UTR) and play an important role in maintaining normal development, differentiation, apoptosis and physiological function of all tissues and organs．miRNAs are the hot spot of the life science recently. More and more researches had shown that miRNAs had specific expression in eye tissues, in which there were at least 250 kinds of miRNAs expressed in retina and affected its functions and diseases. This article reviews the research advances on the expression and function of miRNAs in retinopathy.

Retinal neural impairment and its pathogenesis in early diabetes

ZHU Rui-lin，YANG Liu

2012, 36(3): 194-199. doi:103706/ cma.j.issn.16735803201203010

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Diabetic retinopathy is a major cause of visual impairment. In recent years, some studies showed that the damage of retinal neurons can be detected earlier than microangiopathy in diabetic patients and animal models as well. Detect and treat retinal lesions at an early stage are essential for protecting patients’ visual functions. The pathogenesis of retinal neuron lesions is complex. Oxidative stress, advanced glycation end products, glutamate excitotoxicty, and inflammation all involved in the disease. In this paper, we reviewed the retinal neuron damage in early diabetes and its pathogenesis.

Bevacizumab for treating the ocular neovascularization diseases

WU Li-shuang, QIU Bo

2012, 36(3): 199-203. doi:103706/ cma.j.issn.16735803201203011

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The current paper reviews the recent studies on the relationship between vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and ocular neovascularization diseases to explain it on the molecular biology level, and to evaluate the effects of Bevacizumab (Avatin) for treating the neovascularization diseases.

The treatment of optic nerve sheath meningioma

SU Rui-dan, XIAO Li-hua

2012, 36(3): 204-207. doi:103706/ cma.j.issn.16735803201203012

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Optic nerve sheath meningioma is the most common tumor of the optic nerve sheath and its treatment methods are constantly progressing. This paper mainly discusses the progress of the treatment of optic nerve sheath meningiomas referring to the literatures in the past 10 years. The use of radiation treatment programs could effectively improve or maintain the vision; surgical resection could lead to the ipsilateral blindness beacause of the mechanical and ischemic damage to the optic nerve; a conservative observation was appropriate for the patients without vision injury, with minor injury, or with progressionfree visual impairment; the effective drug had not yet found for the treatment of optic nerve sheath meningiomas. Therefore, the threedimensional conformal stereotactic radiation therapy may consider adopting to those with optic nerve sheath meningiomas who need to be treated.

The role of Egr-1 gene in experimental myopia

LI Man, CHEN Hui

2012, 36(3): 208-212. doi:10 3760/ cma. j. issn.16735803 2012 03 013

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The early growth responsive gene-1 (Egr-1) is a member of the immediate early gene (IEG) family, and is the mammalian ortholog of avian ZENK (the acronym of “ Zif268, Egr-1, NGFI-A, Krox24”). In recent years, studies have found that Egr-1 was associated with inhibition of the development of myopia and confirmed as a messenger molecule involved in retinal mechanism in the animal model of myopia. This article reviews the possible mechanisms and research progress of Egr-1 in the development of myopia.

The understanding of adult amblyopia and its research progress

JIN En-zhong, XIAO Lin

2012, 36(3): 213-216. doi:103706/ cma.j.issn.16735803201203014

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Adult amblyopia is an completment of the concept of amblyopia. the researches on the optic nerve plasticity have shown the possibility of adult amblyopia treatment. Compared to the children’s, adult amblyopia has its own physiological particularity.This article provides an overview of relevant literature reported in recent years, describes the treatments and its specificity, suggests that further researches on treatments of adult amblyopia will present new challenges to previous theory of visual development and visual plasticity.

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