Table of Content

22 October 2012, Volume 36 Issue 5

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Significance of optic disc hemorrhages during glaucoma followup

LI Jian-jun, XU Liang

2012, 36(5):  289-292.  doi:DOI: 103760/ cma. j. issn. 16735803 2012 05 001

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【Abstract】Series of fundus photography combined with image paired comparison with computer software during glaucoma followed up is a better way to detect and track optic disc hemorrhages (DH) and its related changes. It is very important to observe DH for adjusting the target intraocular pressure, choosing treatment options and performing followup in glaucoma patients. It is considered that DH is an important risk factor for increasing of retinal nerve fiber layer defects and progression of visual field damage. It is also thought as a predictive sign or marker of glaucoma progression. It may indicate that glaucoma treatment is inadequate or without achieving the target intraocular pressure, which should be close to monitor the optic nerve morphology and visual field followup, and timely implement effective intraocular pressurelowering treatments.(Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2012, 36: 289292）

Molecular genetics studies in primary congenital glaucoma

RAN Min, FENG Guang-qiang

2012, 36(5):  293-297.  doi:DOI: 103760/ cma. j. issn. 16735803 2012 05 002

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【Abstract】Primary congenital glaucoma(PCG) occurs in the infants which can inherit and lead to children blindness. It is also the most common type of congenital glaucoma. Genetic factor is the main cause of the disease. Currently, the candidate genes of PCG are CYP1B1, LTBP2, and MYOC. The modes of inheritance of those genes, mutation screening, the gene structure and functional changes after mutation have been studying. However, the mutations of these genes can not fully explain the pathogenesis of PCG. Therefore, the researchers will focus on the new diseasecausing genes and mutation. (Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2012, 36: 293297)

Bevacizumab application in glaucoma filtering surgery

DONG Yu-jie, LI Ping-hua

2012, 36(5):  298-301.  doi:DOI: 103760/ cma. j. issn. 16735803 2012 05 003

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【Abstract】Filtering bleb scarring is the main determinant factor leading to the failure of glaucoma filtering surgery. The vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) has been proved to be a significant role in the process of angiogenesis, wound healing and scar formation. In recent years, ophthalmologists have applied VEGF inhibitor bevacizumab to glaucoma filtering surgery as an adjunct for inhibiting postoperative scarring, which shows good effect to promote the functioning bleb formation, control the intraocular pressure, thereby improve surgical outcome. This article reviewed the experimental study and clinical application of VEGF inhibitor bevacizumab in glaucoma filtering surgery. (Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2012, 36: 298301)

Relationship between mitochondrial dysfunction and glaucoma

GAO Fengjuan, WU Jihong, SUN Xinghuai

2012, 36(5):  302-306.  doi:DOI: 103760/ cma. j. issn. 16735803 2012 05 004

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【Abstract】Mitochondria play an important role in energy (ATP) production through oxidative phosphorylation pathway and the regulation of cell death by apoptosis. Mitochondrial dysfunction has been implicated in the pathophysiology of a number of neurodegenerative diseases. Glaucoma as a neurodegenerative disorder, the function of mitochondria in the pathogenesis of glaucomatous neurodegeneration has received close attention in recent years，such as oxidative stress, excitotoxic damage, calcium overload, neurotrophic factor deprivation, microglial activation，et al. In this article, we will review the current evidences and recent advances in the relationship between mitochondrial dysfunction and glaucoma. (Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2012, 36: 302306)

Spectral domainOCT for the morphological examination of the optic nerve in glaucoma  

ZHAO Liang, LI Jian-jun, XU Liang

2012, 36(5):  307-313.  doi:DOI: 103760/ cma. j. issn. 16735803 2012 05 005

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【Abstract】Optical coherence tomography (OCT) techniques have developed to a new generation, spectral domain (SD) OCT. Compared to the conventional time domain (TD) OCT, SDOCT offers improved performance in terms of reproducibility. SDOCT has a high level of discriminating capability  between healthy and perimetric glaucoma eyes. In the diagnosis of glaucoma, SDOCT has advantages in qualitative measurement of retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL)over  GDx and HRT, and closely related to the parameters of visual field. In the future, it has a broad prospect for the glaucoma follow up. This article reviews the application of SDOCT on the quantitative measurement of RNFL thickness and its reproducibility, normal parameter in population， and value in the early diagnosis of glaucoma compared to the previous generations of OCT and other equipments. (Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2012, 36: 307313)

Scotopic pupil diameter measurement

LIU Xue, YANG Ya-bo

2012, 36(5):  314-317.  doi:DOI: 103760/ cma. j. issn. 16735803 2012 05 006

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【Abstract】With the continuous development of refractive surgeries, measurement of scotopic pupil diameter becomes increasingly important. This article aims to introduce three methods of scotopic pupil diameter measurement: the traditional pupil diameter measurement tools, pupil measurement functions built in the anterior segment detectors, and infrared  method. The traditional pupil diameter measurement tools are inexpensive and simple to operate, but there are many deficiencies in scotopic situation. Pupil measurement functions built in the anterior segment detectors are domestic mainstream methods, the accuracy and repeatability of that are between the traditional method and infrared  method. Infrared measurement is the most reliable and widely used in foreign research and clinic, but seldom used in the domestic because of its high price. (Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2012, 36: 314317)

Femtosecond laser application for the anterior segment surgeries  

WANG Dan, XU Ye-sheng, YANG Ya-bo

2012, 36(5):  318-322.  doi:DOI: 103760/ cma. j. issn. 16735803 2012 05 007

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【Abstract】The femtosecond laser employs nearinfrared pulses with a pulse duration of 1015 second to cut tissue with great accuracy, safety and minimal collateral damage. It is first used in the cutting of laser in situ keratomileusis flaps, and further developed into allinone femtosecond refractive surgery in recent years. It has also been used to create various patterns of incisions in keratoplasty and to perform the capsulotomy and lens fragmentation in cataract surgery. Though still in laboratory study, femtosecondassisted glaucoma surgery such as sclerostomy and iridotomy is another potential application with a promising future. (Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2012, 36: 318322)

The research on corneal wound healing after femtosecond laserLASIK

ZU Pei-pei, WANG Yan

2012, 36(5):  323-327.  doi:DOI: 10 3760/ cma. j. issn. 16735803 2012 05 008

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【Abstract】Refractive surgeries damage the cornea epithelial tissue, and then the corneal wound healing would startup. Femtosecond laser, as emerging technology, has gradually become the mainstream method of the cornea refractive surgery. The wound healing process directly influences early postoperative inflammation stimulation and long term clinical effect. The studys on the wound healing induced by excimer laser as well as by femtosecond laser, have already been reported in detail at home and abroad .Therefore, this paper will review the corneal wound healing after femtosecond laserLASIK. There appears more significant inflammatory reaction at early stage after femtosecond laserLASIK than LASIK with a microkeratome. (Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2012, 36: 323327）

Changes of eye development and refraction after intraocular lens implantation in congenital cataract

YANG Shuang, SONG Xu-dong

2012, 36(5):  327-330.  doi:DOI: 103760/ cma. j. issn. 16735803 2012 05 009

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【Abstract】Congenital cataract which has severe impact on children’s visual development requires operation. This procedure can helps children to regain effective visual stimulation by removing the cloudiness of optic axis. Cataract surgery with primary or secondary intraocular lens (IOL) implantation has become the main therapeutic procedure for congenital cataract patients. The important factor which decides the timing of operation and the chosen of procedure is the age of patients. As the power of intraocular lens is fixed, the inherent balance of eye development in children is broken. Many factors related to the operation, such as the age at surgery, the laterality and the decision of IOL power, have influenced on the eye development and refraction changes. We mainly care about the changes of the axial length and the myopic shift. (Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2012, 36: 327330）

Health related quality of life in patients with thyroid associated ophthalmopathy

XU Gengui, WU Yijun, ZHU Xiuying, SHENG Wen.

2012, 36(5):  331-336.  doi:DOI: 103760/ cma. j. issn. 16735803 2012 05 010

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【Abstract】Thyroid associated ophthalmopathy (TAO) is an autoimmune disease causing proptosis, eyelid retraction, motility disorders with diplopia, corneal damage, compressed optic nerve and so on. Researchers found that physical discomfort, facial disfigurement and impaired visual function caused by TAO have a negative impact on patients’ employment, daily life, psychosocial function and their quality of life(QOL), using general healthrelated QOL questionnaires, visionspecific questionnaires and diseasespecific QOL questionnaires. Intervening measures, including surgery, intravenous methylprednisolone, orbital radiotherapy and so on, could improve patients' QOL, but not satisfying. In this review, we assess the evidence of the impact on patients’ QOL, improving means and the social care of TAO. (Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2012, 36: 331336)

Research progression on cyclooxygen-2 in adipogenesis of thyroid associated ophthalmopathy 

WANG Hao, WEI Ruili.

2012, 36(5):  336-340.  doi:DOI: 103760/ cma. j. issn. 16735803 2012 05 011

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【Abstract】Thyroid associated ophthalmopathy (TAO)  is an autoimmune disease, it’s pathogenesis related to the inflammation caused by reaction between T cell and orbital fibroblasts, and adipogenesis is an important pathological procedure. Cyclooxygenase2 (COX 2) is an important proinflammatory factor associated with inflammatory process of various autoimmune diseases. Recent studies have shown that COX2 plays an important role in TAO orbital fat proliferation. Activated T lymphocytes in the orbit of TAO patients overexpress COX2, which could induct the differentiation of CD90- orbital fibroblasts into mature adipocytes through combination with peroxisome proliferator activated receptor γ (PPARγ) expressed on the surface of CD90- orbital fibroblasts, thereby promoting the occurrence of orbital fat proliferation. (Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2012, 36: 336340)

Diagnosis process and therapy in thyroid associated ophthalmopathy

WANG Xiaochen, LI Hongwu, LI Jingmin.

2012, 36(5):  341-345.  doi:DOI: 103760/ cma. j. issn. 16735803 2012 05 012

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【Abstract】Thyroid associated ophthalmology(TAO) is an organspecific autoimmune disease. It can affect patient′s quality of life and it is difficult to cure. So timely and exact knowledge and diagnosis of TAO is crucial to the further treatment. The early diagnosis of TAO needs to be combined with medical history, general examination, laboratory examination and imaging examination, etc. However, exact judgment on the activity and the severity of TAO is necessary, which is very important for determining the therapeutic method. Local measures are recommended in mild TAO. Moderatesevere TAO is recommended to use intravenous glucocorticoids and orbital radiotherapy. Orbital decompression can be performed when necessary. In sightthreatening TAO is recommended to use intravenous glucocorticoids and orbital decompression. (Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2012, 36: 341345)

Nanoparticlemediated gene therapy for choroidal neovascularization

MO Jing, SHI Xuehui, WEI Wenbin.

2012, 36(5):  346-352.  doi:DOI: 103760/ cma. j. issn. 16735803 2012 05 013

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【Abstract】Choroidal neovascularization (CNV) is the main cause of severe visual impairment in many blindnessleading diseases, including agerelated macular degeneration (AMD). At present, treatment for CNV is still a challenging work since drug delivery may be limited to the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) and choroid because of several formidable barriers. In this article, we reviewed the properties of nanoparticles, and recent substantial progress in the development of nanoparticles as a targeted vector of gene therapy for CNV, which is a promising approach to provide safe and longterm gene expression to inhibit experimental CNV. (Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2012, 36: 346352）

The new functions of vitreous: to maintain vitreous oxygen tension, and its association with ocular diseases 

XU Chong, WANG Fang.

2012, 36(5):  352-357.  doi:DOI: 103760/ cma. j. issn. 16735803 2012 05 014

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【Abstract】This article reviewed the recent research progress related to distribution and changing mechanisms of vitreous oxygen tension. It not only clarified that the ascorbate plays an important role in maintaining the vitreous oxygen tension, but also discussed the increasing vitreous oxygen tension after vitrectomy helps to improve diabetic retinopathy from ischemia, hypoxia and to alleviate diabetic macular edema. Maintaining vitreous oxygen tension gradient helps to protect the lens and trabecular meshwork from oxidative stress damage. The elevated oxygen tension around the trabecular meshwork after vitrectomy may lead to postoperative nuclear cataract and high incidence of openangle glaucoma. In addition, this article also reviewed the detection methods of oxygen tension in vivo, and showed clinical applications of keeping the oxygen tension gradient on the significance of druginduced vitrectomy. (Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2012, 36: 352357)