International Review of Ophthalmology

New dosage forms of ocular drug delivery

LI Xue-Dong, YANG Na, KONG Jun

2012, 36(6): 361-368. doi:103760/ cma. j. issn. 16735803 2012 06 001

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【Abstract】Due to the unique anatomy and physiology of the eye, it is a challenge for scientists to design a drug delivery system. Ocular structure barriers, dynamic barriers and efflux pumps restrict the delivery and the effectiveness of drugs. Exploration of novel drug delivery strategies draws attention towards effective treatment. The recent progress and developments in the field of ophthalmic drug delivery, including colloidal systems such as liposomes, microemulsions; microsomal systems such as microparticle, nanoparticles, solid lipid nanoparticles, nanostructured lipid carriers; gelforming systems such as bioadhesion gel, in situ gel and implants systems such as inserts and intraocular implants, etc. (Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2012, 36: 361-368）

Application of anterior segment optical coherence tomography in bulbar conjunctival diseases

FU Zhi-Xuan, ZHANG Xing-Ru, HAN Zhu-Mei

2012, 36(6): 369-374. doi:103760/ cma. j. issn. 16735803 2012 06 002

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【Abstract】Since the introduction of optical coherence tomography (OCT), it has been widely applied in the ophthalmic field rapidly with its advantages of noninvasive, noncontact and high resolution. The application has developed from macular and optic nerve to the observation of the anterior segment structure and the diagnosis of the related diseases, which has provided more reliable and accurate clinical data for the diagnosis, treatment and research. In recent years,more and more ophthalmologists have applied the anterior segment OCT technology on the parametric measurement of the bulbar conjunctiva (such as measuring the thickness of bulbar conjunctiva), the observation of the conjunctival tissue, structure such as assessing filtering blebs after trabeculectomy and on conjunctiva diseases including conjunctivochalasis, pterygium, pinguecula, conjunctival tumors and conjunctival lymphangiectasia, etc. Thus the application fields of this rising technology is expanding, and look forward to the prospects. (Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2012, 36: 369-374）

Relationship between hyperglycemic “metabolic memory” and diabetic retinopathy

WAN Song, ZHENG Wei-Dong, XU Guo-Xing, HUANG Yan

2012, 36(6): 375-378. doi:103760/ cma. j. issn. 16735803 2012 06 003

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【Abstract】Metabolic memory was demonstrated in some clinical trials that diabetic complications continued even though a successful control of blood glucose at later stages. This phenomenon has recently been defined as “metabolic memory”. It is still elusive how “hyperglycemic memory” influence diabetic retinopathy(DR). Among the assumed mechanisms, oxidative stress is thought to have a key role. Hyperglycemia induces dysfunction and estruction of mitochondria in retinal cells, so reactive oxygen species are constantly released and activate downstream pathways, which lead to the metabolic memory” effect on the retina and the progression of DR. Furthermore, other mechanisms such as advanced glycation end products，epigenetic changes， as well as inflammation and apoptosis factors may also be implicated in this process. (Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2012, 36: 375-378）

Relationship between CCN1/Cyr61 and diabetic retinopathy

LI Ke-Ran, WU Zhi-Feng

2012, 36(6): 379-382. doi:103760/ cma. j. issn. 16735803 2012 06 004

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【Abstract】The extracellular matrixassociated signaling protein CCN1, also named Cyr61, is the first cloned member of CCN family, which is identified as a secreted, cysterinerich, heparin binding protein induced by growth factors. As an important regulator in extracellular matrix (ECM), it has been shown to mediate functions as diverse as cell adhesion, proliferation, migration, adhesion and differentiation. It also plays vital roles in many complex processes, such as angiogenesis, wound repair, inflammation and tumorigenesis. Resent studies have found that CCN1/Cyr61 involved in the process of neovascularization, proliferation and fibration of the retina and is correlated with the occurrence and development of diabetic retinopathy. (Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2012, 36: 379-382)

Relationship between advanced glycation end products and diabetic retinopathy

ZHOU Min, HUANG Yan

2012, 36(6): 383-386. doi:103760/ cma. j. issn. 16735803 2012 06 005

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【Abstract】 Accumulation of advanced glycation end products (AGE) is closely involved with the pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy. It can increase the expression of receptor of AGE (RAGE) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and induce the apoptosis in retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cells. RPE cells, constituting the retinal outer barrier, are extremely important in maintaining the physiological function of retina through the functions of barrier, filtering, phagocytosis and secreting. The dysfunction of RPE cells can lead to several retinal diseases. This article mainly summarizes the damage of RPE cells by AGE in resent researches and discusses the role of RPE cells in the development and progress of diabetic retinopathy, in order to find a new treatment way for DR. (Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2012, 36: 383-386）

Changes of Bruch membrane with aging

HAN Ning, YU Li, WU Ya-Zhen

2012, 36(6): 387-391. doi:103760/ cma. j. issn. 16735803 2012 06 006

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【Abstract】Aging is a common feature of biological changes in the eye, especially in the Bruch membrane. It is recognized that Bruch membrane changes with the increase of age. Aging may be an important event to contribute to the pathogenesis of macular diseases, such as agerelated macular degeneration (AMD). Therefore, this review summarizes the latest concepts about the changes of anatomic structure, physiological function, lipids deposition on Bruch membrane with age, these factors may play an important role in the macular diseases. Further study on these factors will offer new ideas about the etiology, pathology, diagnose and treatment of macular diseases. (Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2012, 36: 387-391）

Pathogenesis of posterior vitreous detachment and its complications

WANG Ting-Ting, WANG Yu, ZHAO Shao-Zhen

2012, 36(6): 392-396. doi:103760/ cma. j. issn. 16735803 2012 06 007

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【Abstract】In the process of aging, the vitreous liquefaction and vitreoretinal interface changes can induce posterior vitreous detachment（PVD）. Incomplete PVD and abnormal PVD can cause series of complications such as retinal tears, rhegmatogenous retinal detachment, epiretinal membrane, macular edema, agerelated macular degeneration, macular hole, vitreomacular traction syndrome through vitreoretinal traction and capacity and chemical transfer. Inducing complete PVD or vitrectomy technology can prevent further aggravation of the disease and reduce the risk of disease progression. The pharmacologic vitreolysis has been studied preclinically. In addition, there are other noninvasive treatments such as nonenzyme reagent. (Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2012, 36: 392-396）

Pros and cons of allinone femtosecond laser refractive surgery

LI Qing-He, QI Shao-Wen, HU Chang-E

2012, 36(6): 397-401. doi:103760/ cma. j. issn. 16735803 2012 06 008

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【Abstract】Femtosecond lenticule extraction (FLEx) and small incision lenticule extraction (SMILE) are new ways for correcting refractive error. The procedures have better security, validity, operability and predictability. The application of allinone femtosecond laser refractive surgery, however, is relatively limited；requiring the higher operating technique；the cornea surface quality is not perfect. Therefore, it is a very important for us to review application of allinone femtosecond laser refractive surgery by a overall view. Recognizing its progressiveness and their own weaknesses, and selecting reasonable patients, adopting the merit and avoiding the shortcoming, it is very important for us to guide clinical work. (Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2012, 36: 397-401）

Current research on the treatment of presbyopia

DONG Hai-Shu, YANG Ya-Bo

2012, 36(6): 402-406. doi:103760/ cma. j.issn. 16735803 2012 06 009

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【Abstract】 To compare with the technology of myopic correction going mature, presbyopia remains a great challenge to be corrected by operation. A variety of different kinds of ways has been considered for restoring accommodation to presbyopic patients, including traditional spectacles, contact lenses and surgical procedures which have become the focus of interest for researchers. Surgical procedures varies from corneal approaches and lenticular approaches or scleral approaches which based on the Schachar’s theory. This article reviews the clinical practice and the latest advances in the correction for presbyopia. (Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2012, 36: 402-406）

The epidemiology of pediatric glaucoma

LONG Qing-Qing, FANG Yuan, GUO Wen-Yi

2012, 36(6): 407-410. doi:103760/ cma. j. issn. 16735803 2012 06 010

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【Abstract】As one of the most common irreversible eye diseases, pediatric glaucoma is an important cause of blindness and low vision in children. Due to the longer life expectancy, pediatric glaucoma must be a heavy burden for individuals and society. Recently, domestic and international studies found that congenital glaucoma was the most common subtype of pediatric glaucoma. What is more, there are gender differences and high operation rate in pediatric glaucoma. The incidence and proportion of subtypes was different affected by race, economy and health conditions. These epidemiologic data can help us on early diagnosis and treatment, and preventing further visual loss. (Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2012, 36: 407-410）

The clinical studies of aqueous humor dynamics

LIU Chao-Qi, WANG Fang, GUO Tao

2012, 36(6): 411-415. doi:103760/ cma. j. issn. 16735803 2012 06 011

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【Abstract】The aqueous humor dynamics involves the aqueous humor formation and outflow resistances through the trabecular meshwork and uveoscleral pathways. All those parameters including coefficient of outflow facility, aqueous outflow, uveoscleral outflow take part in determining the level of the intraocular pressure. The aqueous humor dynamics attract more attention nowadays with the progressions in understanding the mechanisms of glaucoma and ocular hypertension. The thinner corneas of the Black patients may be masking potential differences in aqueous humor dynamics between the Black and White subjects with glaucoma. The healthy aging eyes have reduced anterior chamber volume, reduced aqueous flow and uveoscleral outflow. The increased intraocular pressure in ocular hypertension is caused by a reduction in coefficient of outflow facility and uveoscleral outflow. Patients with pigment dispersion syndrome and with exfoliation syndrome experience higher intraocular hypertension and lower coefficient of outflow facility as well. (Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2012, 36: 411-415）

The advances of the tissue engineering corneal endothelial transplantation

ZHAN Wen-Ting, MA Hui-Xiang

2012, 36(6): 416-421. doi:103760/ cma. j. issn. 16735803 2012 06 012

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【Abstract】With the development of tissue engineering and cell engineering, the studies of tissueengineered cornea have made great progress. Technique of corneal endothelial cells culturing in vitro lays a solid foundation for tissue engineering corneal endothelial transplantation. The maturity of the technique to replace decompensated corneal endothelial cells with the reconstructed, including to plant the different sources of corneal endothelial seed cells in a suitable biomaterialscaffold, will bring new hope for patients with corneal endothelial related blindness. (Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2012, 36: 416-421）

Synapsins and its role in visual plasticity

SU Qing, FU Tao, LI Jun-Fa

2012, 36(6): 422-427. doi:103760/ cma.j. issn. 16735803 2012 06 013

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【Abstract】Synapse is composed by three parts: presynaptic part, synaptic cleft and postsynaptic part. Presynaptic plasticity plays an important role in the developmental neuronal plasticity. The synapsins are a family of presynaptic terminal specific phosphopho protein. Studies have shown that synapsin was involved in the regulation of presynaptic shortterm plasticity, presynaptic longterm plasticity, and brainderived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) mediated plasticity. Fothurmore, the expression of synapsins in the visual cortex increased with development, and abnormal visual experience can influence the total and phosphoryled expression of synpasins, which indicated that synapsins also play an essential role in vision development. (Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2012, 36: 422-427）

The relationship between volumeregulated chloride channel and pathogenesis of posterior capsular opacification

ZHANG Min-Hua, ZHUANG Xiao-Dong, WENG Jing-Ning

2012, 36(6): 428-432. doi:103760/ cma. j. issn. 16735803 2012 06 014

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【Abstract】Posterior capsular opacification (PCO) is caused by proliferation, migration and epithelialmesenchymal transition (EMT) of residual lens epithelial cells (LEC) in the equatorial region of capsule after cataract surgery, which influences the recovery of visual acuity and the improvement of visual quality after operation. Recently some researches demonstrate LEC express various types of chloride channels, and chloride channel is one kind of the most important anion channels in an organism that take part in electric activity, and also have a close relation with cell volume, proliferation, differentiation and migration. This paper bases on the newest research in volumeregulated chloride channel and introduce relationship between the pathogenesis of posterior capsular opacification and its molecular construction and physical function in order to provide new clues for future therapy of PCO. (Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2012, 36: 428-432）

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