International Review of Ophthalmology

PENG Xiao-yan, MAO Yu.

2013, 37(3): 145-147. doi:10 3760/ cma. j. issn.16735803 2013 03 001

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Choroiditis is a group of diseases with complex etiology and its diagnosis can be challenging. Clinically, diagnosis should be based on the morphological characteristics of the fundus lesions. However, infectious diseases may sometimes show the same fundus lesions as noninfectious diseases. Therefore distinguishing the infection fators is critical during the diagnosis of choroiditis. Fundus fluorescence angiography (FFA), indocyanine green angiography (ICG) and other investigations are important tools for the diagnosis of choroidal disease. Choosing optimal treatment based on the correct evaluation of vision damages is of great significance.

Application of atomic force microscopy in ophthalmology

ZHU Xiao-min，YAN Xiao-ming.

2013, 37(3): 148-152. doi:10 3760/ cma. j. issn.16735803 2013 03 002

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This review briefly introduces the principles of the atomic force microscopy (AFM) and its applications in ophthalmology. The AFM is an instrument that traces the surface topography of a sample with a sharp probe, while monitoring the interaction forces working between the probe and the sample surface. With AFM, the threedimensional image of the surface can be obtained in nearly physiological conditions at a nanoscale resolution, as well as the biomechanics of the sample. The domains of AFM application have increased dramatically in recent years, from single molecules to organs. In ophthalmology, AFM demonstrates great advantages in the studies on eye microstructures and biomechanical properties, such as the cornea, sclera and lens. Although there are some innate limitations for AFM imaging and biomechanics measurement, AFM has great potential for providing valuable new informations in ophthalmology.

Application of ultrawidefield scanning laser ophthalmoscopy in ophthalmology

WANG Jin-da, LI Jian-jun, XU Liang.

2013, 37(3): 153-156. doi:10 3760/ cma. j. issn.16735803 2013 03 003

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Ultrawidefield scanning laser ophthalmoscopy is an imaging technique that can take the 200degree wide field of fundus image with nonmydriatic, which has been widely used in ophthalmology. Studies have shown that the ultrawidefield scanning laser ophthalmoscopy is sensitive in the screening of diabetic retinopathy and has the superiority to detect the peripheral retinal lesions compare to the traditional 7field fundus photography. In addition, the ultrawidefield scanning laser ophthalmoscopy has great significance for the screening,diagnosis and followup of other peripheral chorioretinopathy.

Application of diffusion tensor imaging in ophthalmology

LIANG Shen-zhi, ZHU Yu.

2013, 37(3): 157-161. doi:10 3760/ cma. j. issn.16735803 2013 03 004

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Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) is a recently developed functional MRI technique based on the random thermal motion of water molecules within tissues along different axes, which allows the quantificationally assessment of the shape, direction, arrangement, tightness, myelinization of the white matter fiber tracts in neural tissues in vivo. DTI is being widely used in the various domains of ophthalmology. In this article, the principles of DTI methodologies are explained, and several applications in ophthalmology are introduced, including optic neuropathy (ischemia, traumatic optic neuropathy, optic neuritis), glaucoma, as well as visual development and amblyopia.

Error sources and correction of intraocular lens power calculation after corneal refractive surgery

XU Bai-sheng, GU Yang-shun

2013, 37(3): 162-167. doi:10 3760/ cma. j. issn.16735803 2013 03 005

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As the increasing popularity of corneal refractive surgery and the aging of the society population, it presents a major challenge in accurate calculation of intraocular lens (IOL) power in cataract patients with prior refractive surgery. To cope with this situation, great efforts have been made to reveal the sources of calculation error and available corrective process. Essentially, the instrument error, the keratometer index error and the IOL formula error are considered to be the main three sources, whereas other biometric measurements (e.g. axial length) contribute slightly. Numerous established algorithms aim to reduce IOL prediction error mainly through postoperative corneal power correction or direct adjustment of calculated IOL power. However, it presents a confusing of the variety of procedures and formulas for the controversy of optimal choice still going on, so it is important to make comprehensive consideration of reliable historic material, physician’s experience, and patient’s expectation when faced with this issues clinically.

Cytokine and diabetes retinopathy

CAO Jia,YAO Yong

2013, 37(3): 168-171. doi:10 3760/ cma. j. issn.16735803 2013 03 006

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Diabetic retinopathy（DR）is a progressive visionthreatening complication of diabetes mellitus. Its exact pathogenic mechanism is still less clear. Recent studies showed that it may be associated with various cytokines. Cytokines can cause induction of proinflammatory and adhesion molecules, and thereby increase monocyteendothelial cell adhesion, which is now accepted as the key event in the development of diabetic retinopathy. Herein, the functions of many cytokines, such as vascuIar endothelial growth factor, tumor necrosis factor, basic fibroblast growth factor, and pigment epitheliumderived factors, etc., in the pathogenesis of DR are summarized in this paper.

Progressive research of polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy

WANG Xiao-qin， SHENG Xia, XIE Qing

2013, 37(3): 172-176. doi:10 3760/ cma. j. issn.16735803 2013 03 007

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The clinical manifestations of polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy (PCV) and exudative agerelated macular degeneration are very similar,but their epidemiology, natural course, imaging and prognosis are different. Diagnosis of PCV requires fundoscopic features and the imaging of indocyanine green angiography in clinic. The etiology and pathogenesis of PCV are still unknown.Its treatment mainly includes laser photocoagulation, photodynamic therapy, intravitreal antiVEGF drug and combination therapy.

早产儿视网膜病变；单核-巨噬细胞

GAO Xiang, WANG Yu-sheng

2013, 37(3): 176-179. doi:10 3760/ cma. j. issn.16735803 2013 03 008

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Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) is a common and complicated retinal neovascularized disease which etiological factors and pathogenesis are still unclear. The current clinical and animal experiments show that infection and inflammation play an important role in ROP. As the monocytes/macrophages (MC/MΦ) are in the central of inflammatory responses, we review the role of the MC/MΦ in the pathogenesis of ROP.

Retinal morphological characteristics of preterms

LI Rong, WANG Yu-sheng

2013, 37(3): 180-185. doi:10 3760/ cma. j. issn.16735803 2013 03 009

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Preterm birth is a complex clinical phenomenon, several physiological and pathological differences of multiple organs are found between the preterm and term infants. In recent years, clinical studies showed preterms present different retinal morphological characteristics, such as the thicker thickness of fovea, the cystoid macular edema in some cases, the smaller foreal avascular zone, the changes of the shape and size of the optic disc and rim, the thicker retinal nerve fiber layer, decreasing number and angle of the retinal vessel, compared with terms in different periods after birth. These morphological differences may be related to their differences in visual function.

The treatment of central serous chorioretinopathy

LIU Yan, DENG Ai-jun, LV Xiao-hui

2013, 37(3): 186-190. doi:10 3760/ cma. j. issn.16735803 2013 03 010

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Central serous chorioretinopathy(CSC) is a common eye disease in young and middleaged men. Although the under retina effusion would be absorbed spontaneously in most of the cases and the visual acuity would be good, the life qualities in some patients still decreased obviously because of the protracted course of CSC. At present, there is no targeted treatment for this disease. With the rapid development of fundus imaging in recent years, the early diagnostic rate improved continuously. Drugs, laser and various emerging therapies make the cure rate increase. In this paper, we analysis the current treatments for CSC and compare the advantages and disadvantages of each treatment in order to find the most effective way in clinic.

Diagnostic criteria and treatment of ocular sarcoidosis

YAN Hong-gai, YANG Liu

2013, 37(3): 191-194. doi:10 3760/ cma. j. issn.16735803 2013 03 011

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Sarcoidosis is a chronic multisystemic noncaseous necrosis granulomatous disease. The causes of sarcoidosis are still not sure. Ocular disease is a common clinical manifestation. Ocular manifestation may be the initial manifestation in sarcoidosis and may cause severe visual impairment or even blindness. The systemic manifestations must be considered to make a diagnosis. Misdiagnosis or missed diagnosis was often seen in clinic. This review is focusing on the manifestations, diagnosis, and treatment of ocular sarcoidosis.

Research progress of the regulation of eyeball growth by artificial colored light

LIU Peng-fei, XIAO Lin

2013, 37(3): 195-199. doi:10 3760/ cma. j. issn.16735803 2013 03 012

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Visual development is inseparable from the optical signals. The suitable visual environment is particularly important for the refractive development. However, with the gradual changing from the natural light to the artificial light environment, normal vision developmental processes is affected. The recent data and related clinical researches show that the precise pathogenesis is still unknown. The different color artifinal light affects the vision development through the possible mechanisms, such as optical defocus, being as agent signal of sensitive cone cells, simulating the vision deprived, or regulating the cell protein, etc..

The advances in treatments of meibomian gland dysfunction

TANG Yun, YAN Xiao-ming

2013, 37(3): 200-204. doi:10 3760/ cma. j. issn.16735803 2013 03 013

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The awareness of meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD) has been improved greatly in the past decades. Warm compress/heat application, artificial tears, local/systematic antibiotics, steroids, cyclosporine, sex hormones and improving life style were used as treatments of MGD, improving symptoms and signs. What’s more, practitioners brought up the concept of treatment algorithm based on MGD staging. This article aims to summarize the advances of awareness and treatments on MGD in the past few years.

Clinical research progress of the application of femtosecond laser in the laser corneal refractive surgery

WU Wen-jing, WANG Yan

2013, 37(3): 205-209. doi: 10 3760/ cma. j. issn.16735803 2013 03 014

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Femtosecond laser has become commonly used in the laser corneal refractive surgery. The surgery has been classified by the application of femtosecond laser into two main groups, the femtosecond laser assisted laser in situ keratomileusis (FSLASIK) and refractive lenticule extraction (ReLEx) or allinone femtosecond laser refractive surgery. ReLEx can be divided into femtosecond laser lenticule extraction (ReLExflex, FLEx) and femtosecond small incision lenticule extraction (ReLExsmile, SMILE). This article reviews the newest flap parameters including sidecut, thickness ,diameter ,shape of FSLASIK, the diameter and position of incisions, and the latest setting in terms of spot distance and energy of femtosecond laser in SMILE. Meanwhile, the prediction, safety, efficacy and the affection on the corneal sensitivity, as well as the advantages and disadvantages of these three procedures are reviewed.

Aberrant splicing of the mRNA second to mutation and congenital cataract

WU Bin-ge, YANG Zhen-fei, HUO Jian-xin, ZHU Si-quan

2013, 37(3): 210-214. doi:10 3760/ cma. j. issn.16735803 2013 03 015

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Congenital cataracts are the most common cause of treatable childhood blindness, onethird of which are inherited. More and more studies identify many mutations cause diseases because of mRNA aberrant splicing rather than altering protein sequences. Mutations can cause mRNA aberrant splicing through interfering the constitutive splice sites and alternative splice sites, disturbing some splice components and alternative splicing regulatory factors. Studies show that mutations result congenital cataracts through interfering constitutive splice site. In this article, we will discuss the relationships between congenital cataract and mRNA aberrant splicing.

Meeting Summany of the 11t FranceChina Ophthalmological Forum

LIANG Qing-feng1, Antoine Labbé2, LI Jian-jun1

2013, 37(3): 215-216. doi:10 3760/ cma. j. issn.16735803 2013 03 016

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The 1st FranceChina Ophthalmological Forum was held on April 1517th 2013 in Beijing, China. It was greatly honored to invite Professor Christophe Baudouin and his team to attend this forum of academic and scientific exchanges. During this three days forum, some interesting research and clinical projects had been discussed. Important topics in the field of ophthalmology were presented including the negative role of benzalkonium chloride in long\|term glaucoma treatment, the mechanism of translaminar cribrosa pressure difference in glaucomatous optic neuropathy, Beijing Eye Study and animal models of dry eye.

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