Table of Content

22 April 2013, Volume 37 Issue 2

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Why we should pay attention to  blood glucose level after ocular corticosteroids injection in diabetic patients

ZHANG Yong-Peng, PENG Xiao-Yan

2013, 37(2):  73-76.  doi:10.3760/ cma. j. issn.1673-5803. 2013. 02. 001

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【Abstract】Because the systemic use of corticosteroids is associated with risks of serious side effects, local  administration  are generally preferred for  patients with ocular diseases. It may possible to obtain high drug concentrations within the eye with less effect on blood glucose level. However, recent animal experiments and clinical studies highlight the possibility of significant blood glucose elevation after a single or repeated periocular or intravitreal injection of shortterm or longterm corticosteroids (including subconjunctival injection, retrobulbar injection, posterior subtenon injection and intravitreal injection). After periocular or intravitreal corticosteroid injection, diabetic patients should be monitored for  blood glucose  levels and the hypoglycemic treatment should be adapted if necessary.  (Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2013, 37: 73-76)

Development  of the doublepass Optical Quality Analysis System in ophthalmology

XIAO Xian-Wen, ZHANG Hong, TIAN Fang

2013, 37(2):  77-82.  doi:10. 3760/ cma. j. issn.1673-5803. 2013. 02. 002

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【Abstract】Optical Quality Analysis System (OQAS) can provide the combined results of light scattering and highorder aberration by the doublepass technique, which is based on recording images of a point source after reflection on the retina and double pass through the ocular media. It has important clinical significance for classifying cataracts objectively and evaluating postoperative effect of refractive surgery. Since its commercialization, OQAS has  unique advantages in the fields of cataract classification and refractive surgery and has been widely used  in developed countries, which indicates its further development  in the future.(Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2013, 37: 77-82)

Research on the cell protective effects of hydrogen and its application in eye diseases

HUA Ning, LIU Hong-Wei, LI Xiao-Rong

2013, 37(2):  83-86.  doi:10. 3760/ cma. j. issn.1673-5803. 2013. 02. 003

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【Abstract】It has recently been recognized that molecular hydrogen is a reductive substance with  significant value in medicine. It acts as an effective antioxidant by selectively scavenging hydroxyl radicals and peroxynitrite. Meanwhile, molecular hydrogen inhibits the production of inflammatory factors and recruitment of inflammatory cells through inhibiting tumor necrosis factora (TNFa) signal pathway and modulating the activity of Mitogenactivated protein kinases (MAPK) and NF-κB. Oxidative stress and inflammation are common mechanisms for cell injury in various eye diseases.  Hydrogen rich saline (HRS), containing 06 mM hydrogen gas produced under high pressure, reduced ocular oxidative level and alleviated histological injuries from ischemic reperfusion injury, glutamateinduced excito\|toxicity, and diabetic retinopathy, and also successfully inhibited corneal angiogenesis due to alkaliburn. It is worthwhile to further  investigate its mechanisms of action in order to further promote its application in eye diseases in the near future.  (Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2013, 37: 83-86)

Body position and intraocular pressure  fluctuation

KE Rui-Li, LI Jin-Ying

2013, 37(2):  87-91.  doi:10. 3760/ cma. j. issn.1673-5803. 2013. 02. 004

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【Abstract】The fluctuation of intraocular pressure(IOP) is an important factor causing glaucomatous optic nerve injury, and posture is one of the most important factors affecting IOP. The effects of body posision on IOP is receiving more and more attention. This article reviews the research progress about the  posture impacts on IOP. The objective is to explain the relationship between position change and IOP by presenting the effects of postural changing time, continuous postural change, different supine position, handstand and weightlifting, and summarize how the postural change affect the IOP from five aspects: episcleral venous pressure, blood pressure, intraocular contents and anterior chamber depth, ocular perfusion pressure, and the change of adrenalin.   (Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2013, 37: 87-91)

Application of UBM in the pre- and post-operative management of primary angle closure glaucoma

JIANG Yuan, CHEN Wei

2013, 37(2):  92-97.  doi:10. 3760/ cma. j. issn.1673-5803. 2013. 02. 005

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【Abstract】The effective treatment of primary angle closure glaucoma (PACG) is surgery. The anterior segments of the eye can be analyzed and quantitatively measured with the ultrasound biomicroscope (UBM). Thus, the pathogenesis of PACG can be evaluated precisely, such as  pupillary block angle\|closure glaucoma,  nonpupillary angle block glaucoma or combined mechanisms. After surgery, the  peripheral iridectomy, the shape of the filtering bleb as well as the postoperative complications such as ciliary body detachment, choroidal detachment and delayed suprachoroidal hemorrhage,  can be also observed with UBM.  (Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2013, 37: 92-97)

Cause analysis of  intraocular pressure elevation after vitrectomy and silicone oil retinal tamponade

PU Jian-Ping, MA Jia, YUAN Yuan-Sheng

2013, 37(2):  98-101.  doi:10. 3760/cma.j.issn.1673-5803. 2013.02.006

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【Abstract】Secondary high intraocular pressure(IOL) is one of the most common  complications after silicone oil tamponade. The mechanisms of elevated IOP secondary to silicone oil tamponade remains complex. Several factors could be involved such as: (1) excessive silicone oil tamponade; (2) silicone oil emulsification; (3) diffusion of silicone oil into the anterior chamber; (4) chronic toxic effects of silicone oil; (5) association with an other surgery; (6) ocular traumatism; (7) preoperative predisposing factors; (8) postoperative medication and postoperative body position. This manuscript will review the different causes of IOP elevcotion after vitrectomy and silicone oil retinal tamponade.(Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2013, 37: 98-101)

The prevalence and risk factors of glaucoma following congenital and infantile cataract surgery

FAN Yuan-Yuan, YANG Xin

2013, 37(2):  102-106.  doi:10. 3760/ cma. j. issn.1673-5803. 2013. 02. 007

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【Abstract】Glaucoma following cataract surgery in infant is a delayed complication of congenital and infantile cataract surgery. The incidence  increased with duration of followup. There are many risk factors for the development of glaucoma have, including age at cataract surgery, microcornea, central corneal thickness, persistent fetal vasculature, cataract operating procedure and genetic factors. Primary intraocular lens implantation may be a protective factor. The treatment of glaucoma is difficult. Aqueous drainage devices are moderately successful. In order to reduce visual function damage, we emphasize the importance of a long followup after congenital cataract surgery.  (Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2013, 37: 102-106)

Update on secondary glaucoma after penetrating keratoplasty

HAO Jing-Hua, Pan-Zhi-Qiang

2013, 37(2):  107-112.  doi:10. 3760/ cma. j. issn.1673-5803. 2013. 02. 008

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【Abstract】Many complications may occur after penetrating keratoplasty. Secondary glaucoma is one of the most serious complications mainly because of its high incidence and sever consequences. The causes of  high incidence include bullous keratopathy, preoperative glaucoma, corneal ulcers, adhesions leucoma, eye injuries and burns, cataract or vitrectomy surgery. Secondary glaucoma after penetrating keratoplasty is often the result of the combined effects of various  mechanisms including angle closure, operative factors, postoperative glucocorticoid eye drops and a pre\|existing glaucoma. Diagnostic methods rely on the determination of intraocular pressure. The treatments include ocular hypotensive drug therapy and surgery  including trabeculectomy, glaucoma drainage valve implantation, cyclophotocoagulation surgery or cyclocryopexy. (Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2013, 37: 107-112)

Intraocular lens opacification after cataract surgery

LI Zhao-Chun, YAO Ke, XU Wen

2013, 37(2):  112-116.  doi:10.3760/ cma. j. issn.1673-5803.2013.02.009

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【Abstract】Intraocular lens(IOL) opacification after cataract surgery is one of the recent research hotspots. The rate  of hydrophilic IOL opacification is variable in the literatures. The average age of onset in domestic is younger  than in overseas. The rate of  PMMA, silicone or hydrophobic acrylic IOL opacification is far lower than hydrophilic IOL. The rate of opacification is higher in women than in men. Diabetes and glaucoma are thought to be the most important diseases associated with IOL opacification. Contrast sensitivity  is an important test for early diagnosis of IOL opacification. IOL opacification is easily misdiagnosed with other diseases, especially posterior capsular opacification. IOL replacement is the main treatment of IOL opacification. The timing of surgery depends on patient's situation including vision and  age. Postoperative results are obvious and severe  complications are rare. The second  IOL should not be a hydrophilic acrylic lens. (Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2013, 37: 112-116)

The genetic epidemiology of agerelated cataract

TANG Ya-Ting, Lu-Yi

2013, 37(2):  117-122.  doi:10.3760/cma.j.issn.1673-5803.2013.02.010

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【Abstract】The exact etiology of agerelated cataract (ARC) is still unknown. Epidemiological studies have documented tendency for ARC to occur more frequently in relatives of  patients having cataract. Genetic and molecular epidemiologic studies have also showed polymorphisms of specific genes that are associated with and have impact on the development of ARC such as glutathione Stransferase (GST) genes, DNA repair genes and EPHA2 gene. For other genes such as lens membrane protein genes, galactokinase gene and αcrystallin gene, the correlations with ARC need to be further evaluated. All of these studies provide a gene\|based theory basis for ARC etiology. In this article, we reviewed the recent related studies.  (Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2013, 37: 117-122)

Current researches on stem cell like function of retinal Müller cells

CHEN Li-Ying, YAO Jin

2013, 37(2):  123-128.  doi:10. 3760/ cma. j. issn.1673-5803. 2013. 02. 011

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【Abstract】There is no effective clinical treatments for  retinal nerve degenerative disease. Recent studies demonstrate that retinal Müller cells expressed neural stem cell markers including SOX2, PAX6, CHX10,NOTCH1 and βIII tubulin, as well as various markers of postmitotic retinal neurons, including PKC (a marker of bipolar cells), peripherin (a marker of photoreceptor cells), HuD and Brn3 (markers of ganglion cells), neurofilament protein (a marker of ganglion, amacrine, and horizontal cells), and calretinin (a marker of ganglion, amacrine, and horizontal cells). These studies demonstrated that Müller cells exhibit progenitor characteristics and can differentiate to various retinal neurons, and suggested that Müller cells may have the potential for cellbased therapies for retinal nerve degenerative disease.  (Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2013, 37: 123-128)

Progress in myopia animal models

LV Meng , Ma-Dong-Li

2013, 37(2):  129-134.  doi:10. 3760/cma.j.issn.1673-5803.2013.02.012

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【Abstract】Myopia progressively damages ocular fundus morphology and visual function. Its mechanisms is a research hotspot in Ophthalmology. The establishment of an animal model for the study of myopia provides a good  experimental platform, which is not limited by ethical and experimental means. Various animal models, have been developed such as  domestic chickens, mice,  tree shrew,  guinea pigs, rabbits or marmosets. The effect of  hyperopic and myopic defocus to animal eyes, the twoways regulation effect on  visual development, the  influence of circadian rhythm, the different spectral eye axis growth and the axial growth related cytokines are currently investigated.(Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2013, 37: 129-134)

The role of erythropoietin in the onset of ocular neovascular disease

LV Wen-Juan , CHEN Hao-Yu

2013, 37(2):  134-138.  doi:10. 3760/cma.j.issn.1673-5803. 2013. 02. 013

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【Abstract】Ocular neovascularization is a common clinical feature in many blinding eye diseases. Various kinds of proangiogenic factors are involved in its mechanism. Erythropoietin (EPO) may not only regulate erythrocytopoiesis, but may also play an important role in embryonic development, tumor angiogenesis, wound healing and heart neovascularization. The expression of EPO increases in corneal neovascularization, proliferative diabetic retinopathy, retinopathy of prematurity. In  animal models of oxygeninduced retinopathy, blocking of  EPO signal can inhibit neovascularization. These studies suggest that EPO may play an important role in  eye neovascularization and may be a novel therapeutic target for  ocular neovascular diseases. (Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2013, 37:  134-138)

Orbital fracture: Consequen on binocular visual function and treatment

ZHAO Huan, ZHU Yu

2013, 37(2):  139-143.  doi:10. 3760/ cma. j. issn.1673-5803. 2013. 02. 014

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【Abstract】Normal binocular  vision is important to the human modern life. In recent years, traumatic orbital fracture incidence increased year by year because of traffic accidents or boxing injuries. Binocular vision could be altered in orbital wall fractures because of  strabismus, diplopia, eye movement disorders, eyeball displacement and enophthalmos. The effect of a conservative treatment is limited, and most of patients may recover their binocular vision with surgical treatment. Few postoperative diplopia could be treated with muscle surgery. The  mechanisms and treatments of orbital wall fractures in relation to binocular  vision are discussed. (Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2013, 37: 139-143)