Table of Content

22 June 2014, Volume 38 Issue 3

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Visual function damage and driving accidents

HU Ai-Lian, YANG Xiao-Hui, SUN Bao-Chen, ZHENG Yuan-Yuan

2014, 38(3):  145-149.  doi:10.3760/ cma. j. issn.1673-5803.2014.03.001

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Visual acuity and visual field is a necessary condition for safe driving. The current licensing authority's visual acuity and visual field standards are different in different country. The current licensing authority's visual acuity and visual field standards are met when a person demonstrates visual acuity better than 05 and an intact visual field extending horizontally at least 120 degrees in many countries. In the past two decades, a lot of researches have focused on the effects of vision on driving, the link between impaired vision and driving accident. These results concur with previous literature that driving accidents for drivers with impaired vision more than those with good vision and there was obvious significant correlation between visual acuity and the accidents. Recent studies have shown that there’re no difference in driving accidents between drivers with impaired vision and those with good vision. Therefore someone believes the driving accident was no significant correlation with visual function. These two contradictory findings may be due to safe driving is integration of a variety of factors such as people, vehicles and environmental factors. Future research for safe driving should involve not only the visual function, but other factors. (Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2014, 38: 145-149)

Eye diseases associated with earthquake

LI Chun-Jiang, LIU Jun-Hui, LAI Ya-Yun, HUO You-Xiang, WEI Wen-Bin

2014, 38(3):  150-155.  doi:10.3760/ cma. j. issn.1673-5803.2014.03.002

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The common eye conditions caused by earthquake include subconjunctival hemorrhage, ocular adnexal injuries, orbital fractures, eyeball rupture and so on. Circulation related diseases by earthquake include the Purtscher’sretinopathy, the Crush syndrome, the Terson syndrome, the Valsalva retinopathy, the Whiplash injury retinopathy etc. Environment related diseases incude light damage retinopathy, conjunctivitis etc.Psychologically related diseases include endogenous uveitis, central serous retinopathy etc. Understanding the eye diseases caused by earthquake will give vast help to save sight in the post\|disaster time. (Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2014, 38: 150-155)

Lyonization and eye diseases

ZHAO Ying-Xi, CHEN Xiang-Wu

2014, 38(3):  156-159.  doi:10.3760/ cma. j. issn.1673-5803.2014.03.003

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Lyonization, also known as X chromosome inactivation, is a process that one of the two X chromosomes is inactivated in every somatic diploid cell during embryonic development in female mammals. Lyonization is involved in several X\|linked ocular diseases, such as choroideremia, X\|linked retinitis pigmentosa, and X\|linked ocular albinism. Insights of Lyonization may help in diagnosis and cure of ocular X\|linked recessive genetic diseases. (Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2014, 38: 156-159)

The relationship between MUC5AC mucin and eye diseases

QI Yuan-Yuan, ZHAO Shao-Zhen

2014, 38(3):  160-164.  doi:10.3760/ cma. j. issn.1673-5803.2014.03.004

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Mucin5AC in ocular surface is a macromolecule gel\|forming secretory mucin expressed by conjunctival goblet cells, and dissolved in aqueous tear film layer. MUC5AC has many functions such as clearing  fragments that exist in ocular surface, keeping ocular surface from harm, lubricating, promoting the tear drainage, keeping the stability of the tear film, preventing the invasive pathogens and stopping bleeding, et al. MUC5AC related with many ocular diseases. The expression of MUC5AC can be affected by many conditions, such as infectious and immunologic diseases, LASIK, corneal contact lens wearing, and vitamin deficiency, which may  lead to clinical symptoms, or reduce the ability of resisting the invade and attack from outside.Thus, diseases like dry eye, allergic disease, and degenerative disease may occure. (Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2014, 38: 160-164)

Molecular mechanism of bone marrow\|derived cells in  the development of ocular neovascularization

GAO Fan, WANG Yu-Sheng, HOU Hui-Yuan

2014, 38(3):  164-169.  doi:10.3760/ cma. j. issn.1673-5803.2014.03.005

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Ocular neovascularization is a significant contributor to visual impairment in many eye diseases. Bone marrow\|derived cells (BMCs) play important roles in the development of ocular neovascularization, in which BMCs are believed to undergo the steps of mobilization, migration, adhesion and differentiation. This process is delicately regulated and affected by multiple factors, including aging, smoking, and so on. Now it has become a research hotspot to investigate the molecular mechanism of BMCs involved ocular neovascularization, which is imperative for further studies on pathogenesis of ocular neovascularization and treatment strategies using BMCs as targets. (Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2014, 38: 164-169)

DNA methylation and ocular diseases

WANG Yong, GUAN Huai-Jin

2014, 38(3):  170-174.  doi:10.3760/ cma. j. issn.1673-5803.2014.03.006

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Epigenetics is the study of heritable changes in gene expression or cellular phenotype caused by mechanisms other than changes in the underlying DNA sequence. DNA methylation is an important part of epigenetical changes and has been reported to be associated with diseases. The methylation of CpG islands in DNA sequences can inactivate a promoter and thereby silence gene expression. DNA methylation is reversible and the demethylation drug intervention can reshape gene expression and thereby reverse the occurrence and development of a number of diseases. The study of DNA methylation in ophthalmic diseases can provide new ideas for the pathogenesis and therapy development. (Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2014, 38: 170-174)

Femtosecond laser-assisted cataract surgery

FAN Wei, WENG Jing-Ning, ZHANG Guang-Bin

2014, 38(3):  175-179.  doi:10.3760/ cma. j. issn.1673-5803.2014.03.007

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At present, femtosecond laser\|assisted cataract surgery has been one of the most advanced skills. Femtosecond laser is characterized as short pulse time, high instantaneous power, small heating area, accurate targeting location and etc. It can be used in the procedures of anterior capsulotomy, lens fragmentation, clear corneal incision and limbal relaxing incision creation. Femtosecond laser\|assisted cataract surgery enjoys broad application prospect, due to its highly\|improved accuracy, repeatability and safety compared with other surgeries.  (Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2014, 38: 175-179)

Prevention and treatment of posterior capsular opacification after cataract surgery

WAN Xiu-Hua, LI Xiao-Xia

2014, 38(3):  180-184.  doi:10.3760/ cma. j. issn.1673-5803.2014.03.008

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Posterior capsular opacification(PCO) remains the most common postoperative complication after cataract surgery. Previous studies had focused on improvements in surgical instruments and techniques,  novel IOL biomaterials and IOL designs,  and had been well developed. Lately more and more studies focused on cancer and apoptosis gene research which were much complex and only at a basic research stage. Using immunological techniques interfered PCO which were simply,  cheap and feasible. And medical drugs for PCO which had potential cytotoxicity.  (Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2014, 38: 180-184)

The TORCH related pathogens and cataract

LU Bin, YANG Ya-Bo

2014, 38(3):  184-188.  doi:10.3760/ cma. j. issn.1673-5803.2014.03.009

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Cataract befall by complex causes. So far great majority causes of the cataract tremains unclear mechanism. In recent years, some researchers believe that viruses and some parasites are one of the reasons. But there is no relevant literature on viruses, parasites and the interaction mechanism between cataract. Five pathogens in TORCH (TOX, Others, RV, CMV, HSV) possibly through a variety of ways to participate in cataract. Herpes simplex virus (HSV) type Ⅰ and Ⅱ may be use cell\|penetrating peptides ways to expand α and β\|crystallin protein damage caused by the entrance,and rubella virus (RV) adopt common biological effects in its envelope glycoproteins E1 and E2 glycosylation sites for inter\|cell signal transduction and spread of the virus and proliferation in human embryonic lens epithelial cells, Cytomegalovirus (CMV)  may by NF\|αβ, Ap\|1, cred/ATF and heat shock factor 4 to change the protein structure during transcription,and Toxoplasma (TOX)  gondii altered expression of host cell protein and mRNA by such processes within cells infection.  (Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2014, 38: 184-188)

Morphological changes of optic disc and its adjacent structures in pathologic myopia

CHU Yan-Hua, GUO Hai-Xia, HAN Quan-Hong

2014, 38(3):  189-193.  doi:10.3760/ cma. j. issn.1673-5803.2014.03.010

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Morphological changes of optic nerve in pathological myopia include retinal nerve fiber layer thinning or defect, optic disc alterations, which may contribute to functional abnormality . Structural and functional changes can also occur due to posterior staphyloma and biomechanical differences. Some morphological changes are related to glaucoma contribution, however others should affect to be differentiated from glaucoma. (Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2014, 38: 189-193)

Genetic research of pathological myopia

MENG Li, WEI Wen-Bin

2014, 38(3):  194-198.  doi:10.3760/ cma. j. issn.1673-5803.2014.03.011

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Pathological myopia is one of the most frequent causes of visual impairment in Asian population and is now deemed to be highly relevant to genetic factors. In recent years, a number of genetic loci for pathological myopia have been identified, including genes for collagen, lumican, growth factors, transcriptional factors, and so on. These genetic loci may affect the development of the eye and cause pathological myopia by acting on different structures, such as sclera, cornea and retina. (Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2014, 38: 194-198)

The application of vital dyes in vitreous surgery

JIANG Jing, WANG Zhi-Liang

2014, 38(3):  199-203.  doi:10.3760/ cma. j. issn.1673-5803.2014.03.012

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Vitreous surgery combined with epiretinal membrane (ERM),  internal limiting membrane (ILM) peeling,  is commonly used in surgery\|related macular area. Emerging in recent years,  vital dye assisted the ERM / ILM peeling reduces the difficulty and risks related operations. Several kinds of dyes such as indocyanine green (ICG),  trypan blue (TB),  brilliant blue G (BBG),  triamcinolone acetonide (TA)are applicated in the vitreous surgery on vitreous or ERM/ILM staining. However,  researches show that all of the vital dyes on the retina assume potential toxicity and side effects,  while some of the dyes on the ILM / ERM staining are also unsatisfactory. (Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2014, 38: 199-203)

Research progress of herpes viral keratitis in recent 10 years  in China

ZHANG Ai-Xue, SUN Xu-Guang

2014, 38(3):  204-207.  doi:10.3760/ cma. j. issn.1673-5803.2014.03.013

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In the past decade, herpes viral keratitis (HSK) were continuously studied by domestic scholars. Research scope included virus of corneal latency, the expression of T cells and cytokines role in the mechanism of recurrence, immunofluorescence and PCR  methods of virus detection, viral trabecular meshwork inflammation clinical manifestations and dermatitis in differential diagnosis, the role of antiviral drugs and clinical choice, the surgical treatment and so on.But the research about the mechanism of recurrence is less in China. The study of types of herpes virus which lead to keratitis is urgently to carry out. (Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2014, 38: 204-207, 211)

The etiology and pathogenesis of lacrimal benign lymphoepithelial lesion

WANG Xiao-Na, MA Jian-Min

2014, 38(3):  208-211.  doi:10.3760/ cma. j. issn.1673-5803.2014.03.014

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Benign lymphoepithelial lesion (BLEL) is known as Mikulicz disease. The clinical manifestation of BLEL mainly includes diffuse painless enlargement of unilateral or bilateral lacrimal gland or salivary gland. There are many different perspectives to analyze the pathogenesis including pathology, infection, immunology, epidemiology and molecular biology. Currently, the proposed theories for its etiology include basal cell hyperplasia invasion, virus intervention, autoimmune dysfunction, sex hormone dysregulation, protein disorder,  and IgG4 invading etc, however still a lot of controversies.  More researches need be conducted. (Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2014, 38: 208-211)

The role of virus in the pathogenesis of ocular squamous epithelial hyperplasia

ZHANG Xia, WANG Wei

2014, 38(3):  212-216.  doi:10.3760/ cma. j. issn.1673-5803.2014.03.015

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Squamous epithelial hyperplasia diseases contribute to the biggest part of tumor\|like lesions of the eye.  Many squamous epithelial hyperplasia diseases are caused by virus as pathogen. Human papilla virus(HPV) suppresses the apoptosis of keratinocytes and enhances the hyperplasia of keratinocytes through early protein coding region thus causes the onset of squamous epithelial papilloma, verruca vulgaris and keratoacanthoma. HPV\|DNA can be detected in the lesion of those diseases by PCR. Currently the interferon has been applied into the treatment of the above diseases and acquired reasonable effectiveness in long\|term follow\|ups. Serological positive of human immunodeficiency virus can remarkably raise the morbidity of conjunctival and corneal intraepithelial neoplasm and squamous cell carcinoma. However the pathogenesis remains unknown. The apoptosis of keratinocytes can be suppressed  by the mollascus contagiosum virus coded protein so as to  promote the onset of tumor. However no treatment is available. (Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2014, 38: 212-216)