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Table of Content

    22 October 2016, Volume 40 Issue 5
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    Research progress of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor for macular edema secondary to retinal vein occlusion
    ZHANG Zhi-chun, WANG Hao.
    2016, 40(5):  289-294.  doi:10. 3760/ cma. j. issn.1673-5803. 2016. 05. 001
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    Macular edema is one of main reason that lead to visual loss and poor visual prognosis of patients with retinal vein occlusion. Current treatment options for macular edema include grid laser treatment, intravitreal injection of steroids, surgical procedures and intravitreal anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) agents. Anti-VEGF agents have been wide used in the treatment of various forms of macular edema, due to their reliable effect and less complications. However, repeatedly treatment and recurrence of macular edema have not been resolved. Individual treatment and combination therapy provide new ideas for reducing the cost of medical treatment for macular edema.  (Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2016, 40: 289-294)

    Development of stem cell-derived RPE for retinal degenerative diseases
    ZHANG Yi, GU Ping, ZHANG Dan-dan, SHEN Bing-qiao, LUO Min.
    2016, 40(5):  295-300.  doi:10. 3760/ cma. j. issn.1673-5803. 2016. 05. 002
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    In recent years, more and more attention is paid to stem cell-replacement therapy in the field of ophthamology. Stem cells including embryonic stem cells
    (ESCs), induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), and adult stem cells, possessing the ability of differentiation towards retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), can provide an unlimited source of replacement retinal pigment epithelium cells for retinal degenerative disease. Recently, a large number of researchers have demonstrated that RPE cells could be obtained from stem cells by spontaneous differentiation, coculturing, defined factors or cell reprogramming, respectively. In addition, in vivo studies also showed that the restoration of visual function could be obtained by transplanting functional RPE cells into the subretinal space of animal model. What is more, clinical trials approved by the USA have shown promising prospects in RPE transplantation. In this review, we will discuss the various protocols for generating RPE cells from ESCs, iPSCs, and MSCs and their research progress. (Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2016, 40: 295-300)
    Application of choroid thickness measurement in diagnosis of retinal diseases
    GONG Yuan-yuan, ZHANG Hong.
    2016, 40(5):  301-305.  doi:10. 3760/ cma. j. issn.1673-5803. 2016. 05. 003
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    More and more evidence suggests that changes in choroidal thickness may be associated with certain eye diseases, such as central serous retinopathy, pathological myopia, age-related macular degeneration, diabetic re-tinopathy. Enhanced depth imaging optical coherence tomography (EDI-OCT) can quantify the thickness of the retina and choroid, to provide higher resolution, better security about clinical treatment compared with B-mode ultrasonography, indocyanine green choroidal angiography in choroid observation. This paper will review the application of choroid thickness in diagnosis of retinal diseases. (Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2016, 40: 301-305)

    Recent developments in prognostic factors for uveal melanoma
    YAN Yan-ni, WEI Wen-bin.
    2016, 40(5):  306-309.  doi:10. 3760/ cma. j. issn.1673-5803. 2016. 05. 004
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    Uveal melanoma is a most common intraocular malignant tumor in adults. Though rates of uveal melanoma local control is high, as many as half of patients can develop hematogenous metastases. Some clinical and histopathologic factors, genetic characteristics are associated with an increased risk of metastasis. Early detection of these characteristics is helpful for evaluating prognosis, choicing individualized treatment strategy and prolonging survival time. (Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2016, 40: 306-309)

    The pathogenesis and risk factors of non-arteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy
    ZHOU Jie, ZHOU Xi-yuan.
    2016, 40(5):  310-315.  doi:10. 3760/ cma. j. issn.1673-5803. 2016. 05. 005
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    Non-arteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy(NAION) is a common clinical kind of acute optic neuropathy and very harmful to visual function.Ocular risk
    factors for NAION include small disc or small cup, optic disc drusen, intraocular pressure change, systemic disease associated ophthalmopathy. Systemic risk factors include hypertension, diabetes, hyperlipidemia, atherosclerosis,  obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS),  abnormal blood coagulation, nocturnal hypotension, and using some drugs such as phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitors, interferon alpha, and amiodarone. However, it has not yet been clear about the pathogenesis and related pathogenic factors about NAION. This article gives a brief summary about the pathogenesis and risk factors of NAION. (Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2016, 40: 310-315)
    The current status  of biomaterials as vitreous substitutes
    XIONG Ke1,2, JING Yi-han1, ZHANG Chao1, JIANG Qing1.
    2016, 40(5):  316-320.  doi: 10. 3760/ cma. j. issn.1673-5803. 2016. 05. 006
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    In recent years, with the rapid development of vitreo-retinal surgery for retinal diseases, vitreous substitutes are crucial adjuncts. To help maintain the
    intactness of the intraocular structure, stable functionality, and proper intraocular pressure, an ideal vitreous substitute should possess physical and biological properties similar to those of natrual vitreous. This review discussed clinical application, advantages and shortcomings of the commonly used vitreous substitutes, and summarized the recent research progress of vitreous substitutes in the experimental stage. In particular, intelligent hydrogels maybe become the better vitreous substitute. (Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2016, 40: 316-320)
    Research update of graft preparation for Descemet membrane endothelial keratoplasty
    LIU Yang, PAN Zhi-qiang.
    2016, 40(5):  321-327.  doi:10. 3760/ cma. j. issn.1673-5803. 2016. 05. 007
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    Descemet membrane endothelial keratoplasty (DMEK) is the most advanced technique nowadays.Since corneal graft preparation for DMEK proved difficult,there have developed several different techniques.Until now,the mainstream techniques have included mechanical stripping technique,big bubble technique and some hybrid techniques which combined with some advantages of different techniques.Except the technical factors of different techniques themselves and proficiency of operators,other factors including characteristics of donor cornea and preservation condition cloud also affect the success of preparation. Accompanied with further studies for DMEK graft preparation,DMEK will gain more promising clinical future. (Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2016, 40:
    321-327)
    The progress of corneal morphology changes after femtosecond laser small incision lenticule extraction
    LIU Huan, WANG Wei-qun.
    2016, 40(5):  328-334.  doi:10. 3760/ cma. j. issn.1673-5803. 2016. 05. 008
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    Femtosecond  laser small incision lenticule extraction （SMILE）  is different from other corneal refractive surgery in corneal morphology changes,  such
    as  change of corneal nerve fiber, sensitivity, the operative interface, epithelial plugs, corneal biomechanical and posterior cornea surface.  These changes could be detected with confocal microscope, ocular response analyzer (ORA), corneal visualization scheimpflug technology (Corivis ST) and Pentacam. (Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2016, 40: 328-334)
    The research advancement of lid wiper epitheliopathy
    SONG Wen-xiu,SUN Xu-guang.
    2016, 40(5):  335-341.  doi:10. 3760/ cma. j. issn.1673-5803. 2016. 05. 009
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    The lid wiper locate in the human inner lid border, and is distinct from the mucocutaneous conjunctiva junction (MCJ)/line of Marx. The main functions of
    lid wiper, which is in closest apposition with the globe are spread the tear film and maintain the integrity of the ocular surface. The term of lid wiper
    epitheliopathy (LWE) implies a disorder of the epithelial cells in the lid wiper. According to the reports recently published, incidence of LWE in dry eye patients and contact lens wearers is higher. The primary cause of LWE is thought to be increased friction between the lid wiper and ocular or anterior contact lens surface due to inadequate lubrication. However, clinical and fundamental research into LWE is still in its infancy and in many instances equivocal. The etiology, pathogenesis, pathology, the associations between LWE and other ocular diseases, examination and treatment of LWE needs to be research further. (Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2016, 40: 335-341)
    Research progress of anterior segment OCT in the diagnosis of dry eye
    TIAN Xiao, LI Bing.
    2016, 40(5):  342-347.  doi:10. 3760/ cma. j. issn.1673-5803. 2016. 05. 010
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    Dry eye is one of the most common diseases in ophthalmology，but it still lacks an objective, specific and non-invasive examination method. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) with the corneal adapter module in the application of dry eye focused on the use of tear meniscus, it is non-invasive, real-time, dynamic and quantitative measurements for tear meniscus parameters. Tear meniscus measured by AS-OCT has good accuracy, repetition and reproducibility, especially the tear meniscus height (TMH) and tear meniscus area (TMA).  Because of different degree of correlation with the traditional method of dry eye diagnosis, they are very helpful for the preliminary diagnosis of dry eye. It provides a new way of thinking for the clinical diagnosis, treatment and follow-up of dry eye. (Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2016, 40: 342-347)
    Overview the different feeder layers to maintain of the cornea limbal stem cells undifferentiated state method
    WANG Hui-xian1,GAO Xiao-wei2.
    2016, 40(5):  348-352.  doi: 10. 3760/ cma. j. issn.1673-5803. 2016. 05. 011
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    Recent years, ex vivo cultured limbal stem cells for transplantation in the treatment of limbal stem cell deficiency (LSCD) in clinical applications has achieved good therapeutic effect. In order to obtain stem cells of limbus of cornea to more people from the carrier of stem cell cultivation system experts has done a lot of explorations. It has been found that ex vivo cultured the stem cells is very easy to differentiate and the limited number of stem cells has made the research on the preparation and mechanism of the feeder layer become a hotspot at domestic and international, this article will discuss the feeder layers of the preparation, mechanism and the latest research progresses. (Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2016, 40: 348-352)
    Advances of corneal transplantation rejection, immune tolerance induction and apoptosis
    GENG Wen-wen,WANG Ting.
    2016, 40(5):  352-356.  doi: 10. 3760/ cma. j. issn.1673-5803. 2016. 05. 012
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    Corneal transplantation is commonly used to treat patients with blindness. The main reason for the failure of corneal transplantation is corneal allograft
    rejection. In contrast to necrosis, apoptosis is a process of programmed cell death that is highly regulated and controlled. There is a close relationship between apoptosis and the development and differentiation of tissues and organs, as well as the maintenance of normal physiological activities and the development of many diseases. Current study revealed that apoptosis of corneal cells and infiltrated inflammatory cells occurredat the same time duringcorneal graft rejection. Apoptotic cells can induce both transplanation rejection and immune tolerance. (Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2016, 40: 352-356)
    Duane retraction syndrome (DRS): clinical features and surgical management
    XIE Wen-fang1, LI Jun-hong2.
    2016, 40(5):  357-360.  doi:10.3760/ cma.j.issn.1673-5803.2016.05.013
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    】Duane retraction syndrome (DRS) has been described as the consequence of a complex strabismic syndrome by Duane in 1905. We have a deep learning from DRS of pathogenesis, present clinical, diagnosis and treatment in recent years. Surgery is available to treating patients with DRS. Surgeons should take into account primary gaze, head turn, adduction and abduction limitations, up-and-down shoots, so variety of surgery arises at the historic moment. While these procedures are not applicable to all patients, doctors should be aware of the strengths, weaknesses, and complications of all currently available procedures so that to choose the individulized surgery procedures for the patients. (Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2016, 40: 357-360)
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