Table of Content

22 December 2017, Volume 41 Issue 6

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Advantages of customized 3D-printed spectacles

YUAN Yi-fei, WANG Wei

2017, 41(6):  361-366.  doi:10.3760/ cma.j.issn.1673-5803.2017.06.001

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Spectacle is typically used for vision correction, while the conventional spectacle cannot cover the variations in face morphology. With the development of 3D scanning facilities and 3D print techniques, proper definitions of facial features specific to spectacle frame design and manufacturing are provided. Upon the facial features for frame design and manufacturing, the product performs its function with high level of comfort, fashion and fit in order. Currently, manufacturing a 3D-printed spectacle includes 3 procedures: image acquisition，3D imaging reconstruction, and spectacle try-on system, and 3D-print system. To refine the customization, the intrinsic parameters and the extrinsic parameters need to be combined with the procedures, which include spectacle data, face measurement, facial feature, environment and the extra requirements of the spectacles.(Int Rev Ophthalmol,  2017,  41:   361-366）

Research progression on fundus tessellation

YAN Yan-ni, WEI Wen-bin

2017, 41(6):  367-371.  doi:10.3760/ cma.j.issn.1673-5803.2017.06.002

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Fundus tessellation has been defined as the visibility of large choroidal vessels at the posterior fundus pole outside of the peripapillary region. Factors on the increased visibility of the large choroidal vessels in eyes with a marked fundus tessellation may include an increased transparency of the retinal pigment epithelium, an reduced filling of the choriocapillaris, an increased pigmentation of the intrachoroidal regions between the large horoidal vessels. Thinner subfoveal choroidal thickness is strongly associated with higher degree of fundus tessellation. Observing fundus tessellation is useful for estimating choroidal thickness. Additionally, fundus tessellation is associated with diseases like high myopia, primary open angle glaucoma and age-related macular degeneration. Observing fundus tessellation is useful for diagnosis, differential diagnosis and exploring pathogenesis of these eye diseases. (Int Rev Ophthalmol,  2017,  41:   367-371)

Diagnosis of choroidal neovascularization in fovea or perifovea of highly myopic eyes

HE Wen-shan, YE Bo

2017, 41(6):  371-375.  doi:10.3760/ cma.j.issn.1673-5803.2017.06.003

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The choroidal neovascularization is vision theatening. Fluorescein fundus angiography, indocyanine green angiography, multifocal electroretinogram, microperimetry, optical coherence tomography and optical coherence tomography angiography are important for assessing the location, size and activity of lesions. Early diagnosis and treatment is important  to prevent  vision loss. (Int Rev Ophthalmol,  2017,  41:   371-375)

Predictive value of macular microstructure in predicting postoperative visual acuity of patients with idiopathic epiretinal

membraneZHAO Xiao-qin, LI Lin-rui, YANG Zhen, XU Li-shuai, YANG Xiao-li

2017, 41(6):  376-380.  doi:10.3760/ cma.j.issn.1673-5803.2017.06.004

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Idiopathic epiretinal membrane (IERM) is a common age-related disease. Vitrectomy combined with epiretinal membrane peeling is the most effective surgical method for treatment of IERM. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a powerful tool widely used to monitor the recovery of IERM after operation. At present, many clinical studies use OCT to investigate the predictive value of macular microstructure. The results showed that the central foveal thickness (CFT), inner retinal thickness, inner segment / outer segment junction (IS / OS), cone outer segment tips(COST) and the length of the photoreceptor outer segments(PROS) could predict visual acuity after idiopathic epiretinal membrane surgery. (Int Rev Ophthalmol,  2017,  41:   376-380)

Progress of treatment for epiretinal membranes

HU Yuan, ZHANG Wei, YANG Hai-jun

2017, 41(6):  381-384.  doi:10.3760/ cma.j.issn.1673-5803.2017.06.005

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The epiretinal membranes is a vitreo macular disease associated with symptoms such as decreased vision and visual distortion. The vitreo-retinal interface plays a critical role in the development of epiretinal membranes. At present, the treatment of epiretinal membranes includes observed, surgery and  medication. The term pharmacologic vitreolysis refers to the use of enzymes to liquefy the vitreous gel, and to induce posterior vitreous detachment. Recently, it was shown that intravitreal injection of plasmin enzyme without the performance of vitrectomy induced complete posterior vitreous detachment,  which brought the dawn of the drug treatment for epiretinal membranes. However, the rate of success for drug treats epiretinal membranes is not high, complication often occur. More clinical studies are needed for the medication. So surgery is still the main treatment for epiretinal membrane.(Int Rev Ophthalmol,  2017,  41:   381-384)

The prognostic factors of uveal melanoma

MAO Ying, BAI Hai-xia, LI Bin

2017, 41(6):  385-389.  doi:10.3760/ cma.j.issn.1673-5803.2017.06.006

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Uveal melanoma (UM) is mainly derived from uveal melanocytes, which is the most common intraocular malignant tumor in adult. The prognosis of UM is poor. The main cause of high mortality of UM patients  is metastasis. The probability of hematogenous metastasis can be as high as 50%. The association of UM prognosis include clinical pathological features, genetic mutations, chromosome aberrations and gene expression profiles. It is an important research direction to explore the correlated prognostic factors of UM patients for assessing the risk of UM metastasis and disease-free survival. This provides a scientific basis to judge whether the patient could retain the eyeball and to select individualized treatments.(Int Rev Ophthalmol,  2017,  41:   385-389)

Progress of research on deubiquitinating enzyme UCH-L1 in ocular diseases

JI Li-yang, WANG Shuai, ZHAO Yu-tong, WANG Guang-liang, LI Jing-min

2017, 41(6):  390-395.  doi:10.3760/ cma.j.issn.1673-5803.2017.06.007

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The ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) is one of the commonest way to degrade protein in eukaryotic cells. The UPS is responsible for degrading the destroyed and misfolded proteins to regulate different biological processes. Ubiquitin carboxy-terminal hydrolase L1(UCH-L1), as a member of deubiquitinating enzymes (DUB), has both functions of hydrolyzation and conjunction with ubiquitin. In addition to playing an important role in neurodegenerative diseases and tumors, the role of UCH-L1 in the ocular diseases is still worth exploring. UCH-L1 may be related to the development of cataract, optic nerve damage of glaucoma and promotion of ocular neovascular disease. (Int Rev Ophthalmol,  2017,  41:   390-395)

Research progress of mesenchymal stem cells for the treatment of retinitis pigmentosa

DONG Li, WEI Wen-bin

2017, 41(6):  395-399.  doi:10.3760/ cma.j.issn.1673-5803.2017.06.008

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Retinitis pigmentosa (RP) is a main cause of blindness throughout the world. So far, there is no effective way to prevent or reverse the development of RP. Mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) is a kind of stem cells, which can differentiate into a specific type of retinal cells when induced in vivo or in vitro. MSCs can repair and protect the retinal function by cell replacement, neuroprotection and vascular regulation, which provide a cellular replacement therapy for RP.(Int Rev Ophthalmol,  2017,  41:   395-399)

Research progress on new  intervention methods for dry eye and their mechanisms of protective effects on ocular surface microenvironment

CHU Chen-chen, RU Yu-sha, ZHANG Yan, HUANG Yue, ZHAO Shao-zhen

2017, 41(6):  400-405.  doi:10.3760/ cma.j.issn.1673-5803.2017.06.009

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The study of new  intervention methods on dry eye mainly focuses on maintaining the balance of ocular surface microenvironment, primarily including the following three aspects. (1)Anti-inflammation such as reducing the expression of inflammation factors and damage-associated molecular patterns(DAMPs). (2)Anti-oxidation such as maintaining the balance between oxidase and antioxidant enzymes and activing endoplasmic reticulum stress. (3)Maintaining stability of tear film by increasing the content of mucin and lipid.(Int Rev Ophthalmol,  2017,  41:   400-405)

Research progress of ocular surface squamous metaplasia

JIANG Nan, WEI Rong, SHAO Yi

2017, 41(6):  405-408.  doi:10.3760/ cma.j.issn.1673-5803.2017.06.010

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Squamous metaplasia is a pathological process, in which non-keratinized epithelia with secretory function gradually become non-secretory squamous epithelium. The process is usually caused by factors such as dry eyes or thermal/chemical injuries through Wnt signal transduction pathways or the peroxidase body biological activated receptor, p38 lightning-MAPK signal transduction pathway and so on.  In the ocular surface, if not timely treatment, the normal conjunctival epithelium will be replaced by squamous epithelium, which may cause conjunctival epithelia loss of function and chronic inflammation of the ocular surface. The development of new blood vessels will aggravate squamous metaplasia, resulting in corneal ulcer and corneal opacity, eventually leading to visual impairment or even blindness. Treatment includes using local eye drops, suppressing the eye inflammation and so on. (Int Rev Ophthalmol,  2017,  41:   405-408)

Clinical application of corneal biomechanics

LI Tao, DU Zhi-yu, YAN Pi-song, ZHANG Yu, GAO Huan-huan，CHEN Zhu

2017, 41(6):  409-413.  doi:10.3760/ cma.j.issn.1673-5803.2017.06.011

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The cornea acts as the outermost shell of the eye with elasticity and viscosity. The biomechanical properties of the collagen fibers in the corneal stroma are important for maintaining the intrinsic morphology of the eyeball and protecting the inner structure. The main pathological changes of keratoconus was the corneal stroma thinning, Bowman membrane rupture and the iron deposit in the basal membrane of the corneal epithelium. Influenced by the long-term high intraocular pressure, the function of corneal transparent pump function and barrier is significantly affected, resulting in the collagen fibrous edema. Refractive surgery mainly aims at corneal stroma ablation, resulting the thinning of corneal thickness and destruction of collagen fiber morphology. Mechanical damage, such as ultrasonic energy, liquid perfusion and lens nucleus collision usually causes corneal injury in phacoemulsification. The above-mentioned changes lead to the reduction of corneal biomechanics. With the application of corneal collagen cross-linking in clinical work, it has been proved to be the most commonly used way to improve corneal biomechanical properties.(Int Rev Ophthalmol,  2017,  41:   409-413)

Effects of posterior corneal power on total corneal power and refractive cataract surgery

WANG Qi1, LIU Jie-wei2, LIU Wen-jie2

2017, 41(6):  414-418.  doi:10.3760/ cma.j.issn.1673-5803.2017.06.012

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The instruments for corneal power measurements include keratometer, IOL-Master,  corneal topography, and so on. The principles of the measurement of these instruments include  simulated keratometry(SimK), total corneal power based Gaussian optic formula(KGOF) and total corneal power obtained by ray tracing method(Kray). The correlation between the anterior and posterior corneal surface is limited. If we ignore the posterior corneal power, cataract surgery with Toric intraocular lens implantation will cause with-the-rule astigmatism overcorrection or against-the-rule astigmatism undercorrection. Therefore, it is essential to measure individual posterior corneal power and obtain accurate total corneal power for the recovery of visual acuity after  refractive cataract surgery. (Int Rev Ophthalmol,  2017,  41:   414-418)

Research progress of the microwave-induced damage of the lens

DING Yu，YU Yi-bo

2017, 41(6):  418-423.  doi:10.3760/ cma.j.issn.1673-5803.2017.06.013

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With the rapid development of electronic and communication technologies, public concern about the possible health effects exposed to microwave radiation has arisen. The eye is one of the two ‘hot spots’ of absorbing microwave radiation. The lens becomes the central focus of the study since it is non-vascularized and contains a high percentage of water. It is well established that high-power microwave radiation can induce cataracts via its thermal effects. However, it remains unclear whether low-power microwave radiation damage to the cellular morphology, gap junctional intercellular communication, proliferation cycle and hereditary stability of the lens in the cellular and molecular level.(Int Rev Ophthalmol,  2017,  41:   418-423)

The ocular adverse reactions of chemotherapy drugs

WU Ya-li, YU Min-bin

2017, 41(6):  424-430.  doi:10.3760/ cma.j.issn.1673-5803.2017.06.014

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With the continuous development of anti-cancer drug research, kinds of chemotherapy drugs significantly prolong the survival of patients, but also accompanied by a large number of adverse reactions. Eye adverse reactions, including decreased vision, dry eyes, conjunctivitis, keratitis. Common chemotherapy drugs that can cause ocular adverse reactions are alkylating agents, antimetabolites, mitotic inhibitors and molecular targeted therapies. Ocular adverse effects caused by chemotherapeutic drugs are often irreversible, so clinicians must be aware of potential visual impairment. Early diagnosis and intervention, dose reduction or discontinuation of incriminated drugs may help in reducing severity and duration of side effects, which will help to improve the life quality of patients. (Int Rev Ophthalmol,  2017,  41:   424-430)