Table of Content

22 December 2018, Volume 42 Issue 6

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Axonal regeneration mechanisms after central nervous system injury

WU Ya-li, YU Min-bin

2018, 42(6):  360-366.  doi:10.3760/ cma.j.issn.1673-5803.2018.06.001

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Decreased axonal regeneration after central nervous system injury in adult mammals and inhibition of the mature axon by extracellular environment together lead to axonal regeneration disorders. At present, the promotion of neuronal axon repair and regeneration is mainly carried out by reducing the production of myelin inhibitory factor, reducing the glial scar reaction combined with stem cell transplantation, neurotrophic factors, and rehabilitation training. (Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2018, 42:   361-366)

The advancement and application of the Bowman layer transplantation

LI Biao, WU Yuan-yuan, SHAO Yi

2018, 42(6):  367-371.  doi:10.3760/ cma.j.issn.1673-5803.2018.06.002

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Bowman layer transplanation (BLT) is a minimally invasive treatment protocol that uses Technique I and Technique II to extract an isolated Bowman layer (BL) that is slid into receptor substrate layer inside the pocket after trypan blue staining. BLT improves corneal stability and prevents corneal expansion. The keratoconus (KC) is a congenital anomalous disease characterized by a conical expansion of the central cornea, which in turn causes a decrease in vision. BLT was used to prevent the progression of advanced KC. The aim was not to improve visual acuity and maintain functional vision, but to reduce the occurrence of serious complications after surgery. The result showed significant curative effect. BLT could effectively strengthen the stability of the corneal structure and reduce long-term complications. In the treatment of corneal opacity after excimer laser photorefractive keratectomy (PRK), BLT can improve vision. （Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2018, 42: 367-371）

Effect of peroxisome proliferators-activated receptor-γ in treating dry eye

MU Peng-yue， CHU Chen-chen，ZHAO Shao-zhen

2018, 42(6):  371-375.  doi:10.3760/ cma.j.issn.1673-5803.2018.06.003

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Peroxisome proliferators-activated receptor-γ (PPAR-γ) is a member of the nuclear receptor superfamily. It has the ability of regulating lipid and glucose metabolization, anti-inflammatory and inhibition of autoimmunity. PPAR-γ may be effective for treating dry eye through limiting the production of inflammatory factors of the lacrimal gland, participating in development and aging of the meibomian gland, inhibition of  inflammation of the conjunctiva and controlling diabetes and Sjgren’s syndrome. (Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2018, 42:   371-375)

Etiology of meibomian gland dysfunction

LI Yue-ming, ZHANG Hong

2018, 42(6):  376-380.  doi:10.3760/ cma.j.issn.1673-5803.2018.06.004

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Causes of meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD) can be divided into local factor (such as wearing contact lens, eyeline tattooing, demodex brevis infestation, conjunctivitis, rosacea and chalazion), systemic factors (such as diabetes, Stevens-Johnson syndrome), drug side effects (such as prostaglandin analogs) and other factors (such as aging, deficiency in androgen, using visual display terminals and smoking) etc. （Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2018,42：376-380）

Application of botulinum toxin type A in ophthalmology

SU Han, FU Jing

2018, 42(6):  381-387.  doi:10.3760/ cma.j.issn.1673-5803.2018.06.005

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Since the report of the utilization of botulinum toxin type A (BTA) in treatment of strabismus in the 1970s, there were countless attempts and extensive applications of BTA in the treatment field of ophthalmic diseases such as strabismus, blepharospasm, eyelid retraction, entropion, lacrimal hypersecretion, nystagmus, due to its less trauma and side effects. Especially in the field of concomitant strabismus, it is a research hotspot. The efficacy  of BTA  in children's concomitant strabismus is still controversial. Complications are uncommon and are mostly transient, often occurring in relation to the position, dose and technique of injection. （Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2018, 42: 381-387）

Research on exosomes and eye diseases

WU Jing1, YANG Chang-ping2, LIU Jin-rong1, LUO Yan1,

2018, 42(6):  388-392.  doi:10.3760/ cma.j.issn.1673-5803.2018.06.006

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Exosomes are microvesicles that contain proteins, lipids and RNAs. Exosomes are  secreted into the extracellular environment,which play an important role in cell-cell communication, immune regulation and maintenance of homeostasis.Exosomes are involved in occurrence and development of eye diseases such as glaucoma, age-related macular degeneration and corneal diseases. By detecting differentially expressed exosomes in aqueous humor, it is possible to find a potential biomarker for early diagnosis of glaucoma and retinal diseases. In addition, exosomes as intercellular communication mediators,  not only participate in the communication between transplanted cells and host cells, but also be used for targeting drug delivery, which has significant clinical importance for the treatment of human corneal transplantation and retinal diseases.(Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2018, 42:   388-392)

Progress of epigenetics study in the pathogenesis of myopia

ZHANG Chu, ZHU Zi-cheng, ZHAN Xin, YING Chong-hui

2018, 42(6):  393-395.  doi:10.3760/ cma.j.issn.1673-5803.2018.06.007

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The pathogenesis of myopia is unclear. Genetic and environmental factors may play an important role.  Recent studies in epigenetics have promoted the understanding of the pathogenesis of myopia. Epigenetics includes DNA methylation, histone modification and non-coding RNA. DNA methylation in the promoter region CpG island and changes in the expression of some miRNAs may be involved in the progression of myopia. (Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2018, 42:   393-395)

Corneal refractive surgery in diabetic patients

GAO Wen-jing, GUO Cong-rong, GUO Xiu-jin

2018, 42(6):  396-400.  doi: 10.3760/ cma.j.issn.1673-5803.2018.06.008

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Diabetes is a relative contraindication of corneal refractive surgery. For diabetic patients with tight glycemic control and no ocular or systemic complications, there was good refractive results and no obvious corneal anatomic lesion or abnormal function after surgery. But diabetes can lead to some ocular complications, which may affect the result of refractive surgery, and refractive surgery may aggravate the ocular lesions of diabetic patients. Diabetic patients with poor glycemic control or systemic and ocular complications should not undergo corneal refractive surgery, in order to avoid the advent or aggravation of ocular lesion and affect the refractive results, leading to the failure of the operation. (Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2018, 42:   396-400)

Research on familial vitreous amyloidosis

YU Qiang1， HUANG Xing2, YANG Zhu-min2, WANG Xian2

2018, 42(6):  401-405.  doi:10.3760/ cma.j.issn.1673-5803.2018.06.009

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Familial vitreous amyloidosis(FVA) is a rare autosomal dominant genetic disease in which certain molecular gene mutations cause the corresponding proteins to denature, forming insoluble amyloids deposit in vitreous，resulting in a gradual decline in visual function. The transthyretin（TTR） mutation is the most common type of gene mutation. FVA is a rare disease of vitreous degeneration, whose diagnosis depends on the Congo red staining positive reaction of the intraoperative vitreous specimen. Vitrectomy is the most direct and effective treatment. (Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2018, 42:   401-405)

Thrombolysis for central retinal artery occlusion

LUO Mao-mei, CAI Shan-jun

2018, 42(6):  406-409.  doi:10.3760/ cma.j.issn.1673-5803.2018.06.010

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The central retinal artery occlusion(CRAO) is an ocular emergency. Thrombolytic therapy might be a treatment option, including intravenous thrombolysis, superselective ophthalmic artery or selective carotid artery thrombolytic therapy, ophthalmic artery branch retrograde thrombolysis, meningo-ophthalmic artery thrombolysis, etc.(Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2018, 42:   406-409)

The performance of Vici syndrome in ophthalmology

HE Hai-long, WANG Jin-da, WAN Xiu-hua

2018, 42(6):  409-413.  doi:10.3760/ cma.j.issn.1673-5803.2018.06.011

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Vici syndrome is a rare autosomal recessive inherited disease, which includes multisystem disorder of the body. Vici syndrome is characterized by  agenesis of the corpus callosum, cardiomyopathy, combined immunodeficiency, cataracts and oculocutaneous hypopigmentation; profound developmental-delay, acquired microcephaly, cleft lip/palate and seizures are also involvement. The ophthalmological features of Vici syndrome include bilateral nuclear and anterior polar cataracts, nystagmus, bilateral optic nerve atrophy, and moderate fundus hypopigmentation. The condition is due to recessive mutations in the EPG5  autophagy gene on chromosome 18q. （Int Rev Ophthalmol，2018,42：409-413）

Research on retinal mechanism of deprivation amblyopia due to congenital cataracts

ZHANG Fan, ZHAO Yun-e

2018, 42(6):  414-417.  doi:10.3760/ cma.j.issn.1673-5803.2018.06.012

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 Studies on retinal mechanism of deprivation amblyopia caused by congenital cataracts recently focus on its effect on the development of central fovea and  per-papillary retinal nerve fiber layer(RNFL), as well as its electrophysiology. Previous researches suggested that form-deprivation affected the development of retinal neural circuits, including the effects on the development of ganglion cells and synaptic growth, unbalance of excitatory and inhibitory inputs in the visual afferent pathway, damage to the function of retinal cells associated with inner retina and cones of outer retina, and potential permanently affecting on retinal repair function.(Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2018, 42:   414-417)

The application of optical coherence tomography angiography for diagnosis and evaluation of glaucoma

QU Yue, YANG Jin

2018, 42(6):  418-422.  doi:10.3760/ cma.j.issn.1673-5803.2018.06.013

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Optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) is a non-invasive imaging technology that can be used to assess the posterior segment of the eye by providing  three-dimensional image of the vessels, quantifying the retinal and choroidal blood flow, and obtaining corresponding structural parameters. The retinal vessel density(VD) of glaucoma was significantly lower than that of normal control. Quantitative analysis of optic disc and macular VD by OCTA was strongly correlated with the changes in the structure and function of glaucoma. Therefore, detecting abnormal blood flow in glaucoma using OCTA combined with clinical manifestations and other examination techniques  can provide a more reliable early diagnosis and disease assessment of glaucoma. （Int Rev Ophthalmol，2018,42：418-422）