Table of Content

25 April 2019, Volume 43 Issue 2

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In vivo labeling and imaging of retinal ganglion cell

Xing Xiaoli, Huang Liangyu, Dong Lijie, Li Xiaorong

2019, 43(2):  73-78.  doi:10.3760/ cma.j. issn.1673-5803.2019.02.001

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Retinal ganglion cells (RGC) damage is an important part of the development of many other retinal and optic nerve diseases. Research on RGC is always a hot topic. RGC labeling methods in vivo mainly include retrograde labeling, intravitreal injection of fluorescence dyes, transgenic mice, electroporation, confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscope (CSLO) combined with fluorescent labeling, optical coherence tomography (OCT), genetically encoded indicators (GECI) imaging, and functional adaptive optical living cell imaging etc. Some labling methods are used in clinical trails. (Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2019, 43:  73-78)

Changes of eye movements in glaucoma

Chen Yaying, Zhang Yuyan

2019, 43(2):  79-83.  doi:10.3760/ cma.j.issn.1673-5803.2019.02.002

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To date, many studies have focused on oculomotor abnormality in glaucoma patients.Compared with age-matched controls, eye movements in glaucoma patients showedsignificant changes, including reduced saccadic velocity, reduced saccadic amplitude, delayed saccadic reaction and lack of reverse optokinetic nystagmus. These changes in glaucoma patients may be related to the damage of retinal nerve fiber layer and eye movement regulation regions in rear visual pathway. Research on the potential utility of eye movements in early detection of glaucoma has begun to take shape. (Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2019, 43:  79-83)

Relationship between mitochondrial autophagy and pathogenesis of glaucoma

Zhao Bin1, Wu Renyi1,2

2019, 43(2):  84-88.  doi:10.3760/ cma.j.issn.1673-5803.2019.02.003

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Mitophagy plays a key role in the maintenance of a healthy and functional mitochondrial network in the cell by eliminating damaged mitochondria resulting in mitochondrial turnover. With complex dendritic arbors and long axons retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) are highly energy demanding, it is not surprising that RGCs are particularly vulnerable to mitochondrial dysfunction. Mitophagy defect plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis and development of glaucoma. Of interest, mutations in OPTN gene and TBK1 gene may lead to mitophagy dysfunction, and is associated with primary open angle glaucoma and normal\|tension glaucoma, respectively, as the result of RGCs apoptosis. Overexpression of parkin, a gene product of related to mitophagy, protects RGCs in animals with experimental glaucoma. Understanding of mitochondrial dysfunction and the role played by mitophagy in this process are of important scientific and clinical value, as it might provide novel approaches to the prevention and treatment of glaucoma. (Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2019, 43:  84-88)

Individualized rigid gas permeable contact lens in patients with keratoconus

Wang Lichun1, Chen Yueguo2, Zhang Yu2

2019, 43(2):  89-93.  doi: 10.3760/ cma.j.issn.1673-5803.2019.02.004

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The main reason of decreased visual acuity after keratoconus is most likely high irregular astigmatism. A successful gas\|permeable contact lens (RGPCL) fitting is not easy for those patients with extremely irregular corneal surface. The purpose of this review is to explore the individual RGPCL fitting for these special cases, and to analyze the latest developments and progress in this field through literature retrieval. The RGPCL fitting software programs based on corneal topography have been introduced. It will increase efficiency in fitting RGP. The current 3D printing technology has reached a high accuracy, which can accurately construct solid model of corneal anterior surface to meet the RGP simulation fitting requirements. According to the theoretical analysis and preliminary experimental results, RGPCL simulation fitting in 3D printing technology had a good feasibility and practicability.  (Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2019, 43:  89-93)

Advances in the treatment of ocular surface diseases by amniotic membrane

Li Nanyu, Zhang Wenjia, Hu Zhulin

2019, 43(2):  94-99.  doi:10.3760/ cma.j.issn.1673-5803.2019.02.005

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Amniotic membrane is a common auxiliary material used in the treatment of eye diseases. With the development of tissue engineering, new amniotic membrane preparations based on amniotic membrane (such as amniotic membrane eye drops, cross\|linked amnion, drug amnion and amniotic cell culture vectors) not only retain the histopathological characteristics of amnion (such as low immunogenicity, promotion of epithelial formation, anti\|fibrosis and anti\|inflammatory, anti\|angiogenesis, antibacterial, etc.), also confers new and excellent characteristics of amniotic membrane, making amniotic membrane more convenient and effective in the treatment of ocular surface diseases(such as acute or chronic chemical eye burns, persistent epithelial defect, foamy keratopathy, corneal and scleral ulcer, etc.), showing a broad prospects for clinical application.   (Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2019, 43:  94-99)

 

Research advances of pharmacological vitreolysis

Zhang Wei, Liu Xian, Yang Haijun

2019, 43(2):  100-104.  doi:10.3760/ cma.j.issn.1673-5803.2019.02.006

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With the development of OCT technology in recent years, vitreoretinal interface diseases have become the focus of attention and research gradually. Incomplete posterior vitreous detachment (PVD) can lead to vitreomacular adhesion (VMA) and a series of related complications. Compared with traditional vitrectomy, enzyme\|assisted or alternative therapy is safer and more convenient. This article reviewed the experimental and clinical studies of different enzymes in inducing PVD and treating VMA\|related diseases. The first\|generation enzymatic agents, such as hyaluronidase, chondroitinase, dispase, plasmin and tissue plasminogen activator (TPA), are limited in clinical research and application because of their effectiveness and safety. As the second\|generation enzymatic agents, the efficacy of intravitreal ocriplasmin for both vitreomacular traction (VMT)  syndrome and full\|thickness macular hole (FTMH) is better than MIVI\|TRUST(microplasmin for intravitreous injection\|traction release without surgical treatment) trial. At present, ocriplasmin is the first choice for the treatment of VMA and related diseases. The common complications of intravitreal ocriplasmin include transient blurred vision, photopsia, dyschromatopsia, conjunctival hyperemias, elevated intraocular pressure, etc. Patients with macular degeneration should be used prudently. (Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2019, 43:  100-104)

Research progress of foldable capsular vitreous body

Lin Shuman, Li Jinying

2019, 43(2):  105-110.  doi:10.3760/ cma.j.issn.1673-5803.2019.02.007

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Vitreous substitutes play an important role in supporting vitreous chamber after vitro\|retinal surgery. The use of current vitreous substitutes has been limited due to their different issues. So the research for ideal vitreous substitutes is still a hot topic. Foldable capsular vitreous body is a new type of vitreous substitute which simulates vitreous cortex. It can be used for long\|term tamponade, with good physical, optical properties and biocompatibility. It can evenly support retina at all directions by filling with other vitreous substitutes, effectively reduce the complications and increase the remaining time of these substitutes. In addition, it can release different drugs as a drug delivery system. Foldable capsular vitreous body has good application prospects. But it also has the problem that it’s easy to cause complicated cataract which need further research and improvement. The observation of long\|term effect is also needed.  (Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2019, 43:  105-110)

Clinical recommendation of prescription of ranibizumab for neovascular age-related macular degeneration

Shi Jia, Sun Dawei

2019, 43(2):  111-117.  doi:10.3760/ cma.j.issn.1673-5803.2019.02.008

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The currently accepted treatment for neovascular age\|related macular degeneration (nAMD) is anti\|vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). Based on the clinical data of ranibizumab, the clinical application of anti\|VEGF is continuously optimized. At present, the treatment of ranibizumab mainly includes:  monthly treatment plan, bi\|month treatment plan, quarterly treatment plan, on\|demand treatment (Pro Re Nata, PRN) program, treatment and extension program, observation and plan plan. The initial monthly treatment plan can give patients a significant increase in vision; however, monthly treatment can place a huge financial burden on patients. The PRN program, every two months of treatment, and quarterly treatments can reduce the number of vitreous injections in patients, thereby reducing the financial burden on patients, while treatment and extension programs not only reduce the number of injections, but also reduce the number of follow\|ups. It also saves time and burden while reducing economic costs. (Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2019, 43:  111-117)

Formation mechanism of preretina macular membrane

Xu Jiaqi, Sun Dawei

2019, 43(2):  118-122.  doi:10.3760/ cma.j.issn.1673\|5803.2019.02.009

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The preretinal macular membrane is divided into idiopathic and secondary types. The formation mechanism of idiopathic preretinal macular membrane is not very clear. Aging, female gender and other factors are believed to play a role in its formation. In the case of retinal damages, especially neglected damages, for example, concussion of the retina may occur during concussion, idiopathic preretinal macular membrane is formed in the process of retinal repaire. The formation mechanism of secondary preretinal macular membrane includes injury, inflammatory reaction, and retinal ischemia. By studying the mechanism of formation of idiopathic and secondary preretinal macular membrane, it is beneficial to prevent and treat the preretinal macular membrane better.(Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2019, 43:  118-122)

Application of OCTA on diagnosis of non\|arteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy

Huang Xi, Ma Jia

2019, 43(2):  123-127.  doi:10.3760/ cma.j.issn.1673/5803.2019.02.010

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Non-arteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (NAION) is a common clinical disease, which can lead to acute vision loss. It is suggested that NAION is caused by the abrupt poor perfusion in the optic papillae from the branches of the central retinal artery and the posterior ciliary artery, not due to the arteritis, which cause the characteristic structural and functional damages in the anterior segment of the optic nerve. The recent advanced optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA), is a new technique for testing the microvascular perfusion in and around the optic disc and in the macula through the quantitative analyses of vessel density and blood flow rate. OCTA can be used to discriminate the different microvascular perfusion reduction in the different regions or depths of the optic disc or the macula in NAION, which is much better than the traditional examinations for the diagnosis, differential diagnosis and follow\|up of NAION. It can also be used to detect the abnormal microvascular perfusion in different regions or depths of the optic disc or the macula in the high\|risk eyes, which may provide the basis for the prevention of NAION.  (Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2019, 43:  123-127)

Clinical research progress of toric intraocular lens

Li Yang, Liu Dongmei, Ma Xianzhen, Bi Hongsheng

2019, 43(2):  128-132.  doi: 10.3760/ cma.j.issn.1673-5803.2019.02.011

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Astigmatism is an important factor affecting visual quality after cataract surgery. Toric intraocular lenses (Toric IOL) is the most stable and effective solution for astigmatism. Currently, 10 monofocal toric IOL models and 4 multifocal toric IOL models are available. The majority of studies agree on Toric implantation in patients with over 0.75D of regular corneal astigmatism who want postoperative distance spectacle independence.  Multifocal Toric IOLs which divide the available light between the distance and near focus, are not recommended to cataract patients in presence of ocular comorbidities affecting visual acuity. The factors to take into account for Toric IOL correction include surgical induced astigmatism (SIA), effective lens position (ELP), IOL spherical powers and accurate measurement of anterior and posterior keratometry. It is important to match accurately the marks of the Toric IOL with the preoperative marking astigmatism axis during operation. Postoperative IOL rotation is a common complication. (Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2019, 43:  128-132)

The research progression of atropine in myopia prevention and control

Li Weiran, Zhou Jibo

2019, 43(2):  133-137.  doi:10.3760/ cma.j.issn.1673-5803.2019.02.012

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It’s especially important to find an effective medicine for the prevention and control of myopia, since a rising tendency in the past few years. Atropine was known to be able to inhibit myopia progression. However, some side effects prevent atropine from popular clinical work. Recently, researchers find that low\|concentration atropine has much less side effect, compared with high\|concentration atropine, and has more sustained and durable effect without affecting the visual quality of patients. Additionally, combined the optical lenses with atropine eye drops can enhance the preventing effect, compared with using atropine eye drops alone.(Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2019, 43:  133-137)

Research progress of proliferative vitreoretinopathy

Dong Li, Wei Wenbin

2019, 43(2):  138-143.  doi:10.3760/ cma.j.issn.1673-5803.2019.02.013

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The basic pathological process of proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR) is the proliferation and contraction of retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cells and glial cells in vitreous cavity. Its pathogenesis is related to a variety of retinal cells and cytokines, but it has not yet been fully clarified. Surgical intervention is still the most important treatment at present. The purposes of the operation include repairing retinal holes, relieving traction, stabilizing the structure of the retina and reducing the risk of recurrence. However, surgery cannot prevent the proliferation and development of cells. Therefore, surgery combined with intraocular adjunctive drugs (corticosteroids, antimetabolic drugs, etc.) is recommended at present. However, the safety and efficacy of intraocular adjuvant therapy for PVR still need to be further proved.(Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2019, 43: 138-143)