Table of Content

22 June 2019, Volume 43 Issue 3

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Application of photodynamic therapy in the treatment of bacterial keratitis

Su Guanyu, Wang Leying, Li Bin, Liang Qingfeng

2019, 43(3):  145-150.  doi:10.3760/ cma.j.issn.1673-5803.2019.03.001

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Photodynamic therapy(PDT) has been widely used in dermatology, dental, oncology and other fields. It has a certain killing effect on pathogenic microorganisms, and can be applied to infectious diseases. In the treatment for infectious corneal diseases, PDT has been found with significant killing effect on bacteria in vitro and in vivo. It inhibits bacterial growth by combining certain wavelengths of light waves with specific photosensitizers, demonstrating certain therapeutic effects on bacterial keratitis. Different wavelengths of light source combined with different chemical ingredient photosensitizers have different effects on bacterial keratitis. This method can also partially solve the problem of bacterial resistance in clinical treatment.(Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2019, 43: 145-150)

Age-related changes of cornea

Hao Junsheng1, Du Liantao1, Jia Shaoyou2

2019, 43(3):  151-156.  doi:10.3760/ cma.j.issn.1673-5803.2019.03.002

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With the growth of age, all organs of the human body are experiencing the process of growth, development and decline, and the various tissues of the eyeball will change accordingly. Cornea is an important component of ocular surface barrier and refractive system. Its physiological state and pathological changes are closely related to the diagnosis and treatment of diseases. With the growth of age, corneal endothelial cells and nerve fibers decrease, corneal hypoesthesia, corneal density increases, proliferation activity of limbal cell population decreased, higher order aberrations increase, and biomechanical value decreases. It is necessary to study the age-related changes of cornea for understanding the occurrence and development of corneal diseases, designing effective and personalized treatment programs, observing the therapeutic effect, and formulating reasonable intervention measures. (Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2019, 43: 151-156)

Innovative research of contact lenses

Wu Pengwei, Lv Yong

2019, 43(3):  157-161.  doi:10.3760/ cma.j.issn.1673-5803.2019.03.003

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Contact lens（CL）is a common method for refraction correction, which not only can correct vision but also being used in a wide range of areas, such as biosensing and drug release. As a biosensor, contact lens can be used to continuously monitor intraocular pressure, monitor glucose in tear film and diagnose diseases. As a drug carrier, CL can extend the duration of drug release. Howere, there are still some problems to be solved in the innovative application of contact lenses, such as results validation and the aesthetics tissue. (Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2019, 43: 157-161)

Preparation and preservation of amniotic membrane

Li Nanyu, Zhang Wenjia, Hu Zhulin

2019, 43(3):  162-165.  doi: 10.3760/ cma.j.issn.1673-5803.2019.03.004

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Amniotic membrane is a commonly used biological dressing in ophthalmic surgery. The difference of preservation techniques can significantly affect the biochemical composition and physical properties of amniotic membrane. It may also affect its clinical efficacy. The progress of freezing, air drying and freeze-drying technology in amniotic membrane preparation and the preparation of composite amniotic membrane overcome the shortness that fresh amniotic membrane is not easy to preserve, and retain the excellent characteristics of amniotic membrane as biological dressing, which is helpful to its application in ophthalmology and other related disciplines.(Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2019, 43: 162-165)

The pathogenesis and diagnosis and treatment of central serous chorioretinopathy

Lin Huimin, Zhang Jinglin

2019, 43(3):  166-169.  doi:10.3760/ cma.j.issn.1673-5803.2019.03.005

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Central serous chorioretinopathy (CSC) is a common eye disease. It may be a thick choroidal spectrum disease associated with polypoid choroidal vasculopathy (PCV). Fluorescein angiography and indocyanine green angiography (ICGA) are still classic diagnostic methods. ICGA can reveal abnormalities in the choroidal vascular system of the disease. Optic coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) can detect retinal and choroidal vascular abnormalities in different layers. Retinal photocoagulation and photodynamic therapy are still the main treatments for CSC. For lesions in the near macular area, 577 nm subthreshold micropulse laser photocoagulation can be used, which is safer. (Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2019, 43: 166-169)

Subthreshold micropulse laser photocoagulation for diabetic macular edema

Zhou Jinqiong, Zhou Haiying

2019, 43(3):  170-175.  doi:10.3760/ cma.j.issn.1673-5803.2019.03.006

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Subthreshold micropulse laser photocoagulation(SMLP) is an alternative to the conventional continuous-wave laser for the treatment of diabetic macular edema (DME). In contrast to the conventional laser, the therapeutic effect of the SMLP is not accompanied by thermal retinal damage. In SMLP, a train of repetitive short laser pulses delivers the laser energy within an “envelope”, which was described as“duty cycle”. Each “envelope” includes “ON” time, which is the duration of each micropulse, and “OFF” time, which is the time between the micropulses. The “OFF” time is important since here the originated heat can cool down. This leads to the required activation of the RPE cells, promotes rapid absorption of subretinal and intraretinal edema, but the thermal wave will only reach the neural retina at temperatures beneath the protein denaturation threshold. As a low-energy, high-density laser photocoagulation mode, SMLP is expected to be the first choice for the treatment of DME. It has been proved that SMLP alone or in combination with other therapies, achieved better visual outcome and edema regression, without any thermal damage to the retinal neurosensory layer and choroid. In this article we will review the mechanism, development history and applications of SMLP for DME.(Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2019, 43: 170-175)

The autophagy and diabetic optic neuropathy

Wang Li, Song E

2019, 43(3):  175-179.  doi: 10.3760/ cma.j.issn.1673-5803.2019.03.007

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Autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved lysosomal degradation pathway that controls cellular bioenergetics and cytoplasmic quality. Hence, an effective autophagic clearance system is essential for maintaining the normal physiological function of nerve cells. The autophagy pathway plays a key role in regulation of autophagy related signaling pathways impact on the development of diabetic optic neuropathy (DON). It is verified that many metabolic pathways modulate autophagy by positive and negative regulation and it plays a double-edged role in the progression of DON. To elucidate and take advantage of autophagy to manage neurodegeneration in DON is of great importance. (Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2019, 43: 175-179)

Main factors affecting riboflavin-UVA scleral collagen cross-linking for pathological myopia Ming

Ming Chunxiu, Liu Limei, Zhang Shaobin

2019, 43(3):  180-183.  doi:10.3760/ cma.j.issn.1673-5803.2019.03.008

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Riboflavin-ultraviolet A scleral collagen cross-linking can enhance the strength of collagen fibers, delay the growth of animal eye axial length, and thus prevent the progress of pathological myopia. The main factors affecting the effect of riboflavin-ultraviolet A scleral collagen cross-linking are ultraviolet, riboflavin and sclera. Excessive ultraviolet can damage retina and other intraocular structures. Excessive riboflavin concentration can weaken the cross-linking. A thin sclera can not block the damage of ultraviolet radiation on intraocular structures. (Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2019, 43: 180-183)

Research advances in ocular lymphatics

Yang Lufei, Yu Jinjin, Chen Yanghao, Wu Zhifeng

2019, 43(3):  183-188.  doi:10.3760/ cma.j.issn.1673-5803.2019.03.009

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The lymphatic network penetrates most tissues in the body and plays critical roles in many functions. The identification of specific markers for the lymphatic vessels, such as VEGF-C/D/VEGFR-3, LYVE-1, Prox-1, has been instrumental in the advance of lymphatic biology. People have found that conjunctiva, corneal limbus, lacrimal gland and extraocular muscles contain lymphatic vessels, while the normal corneal is devoid of lymphatic vessels. Although, injection of intraocular VEGF-C can increase sprouting and proliferation of schlemm’s canal (SC) endothelial cells (ECs) and reduce intraocular pressure，the lymphatic marker expression profile of SC is incomplete, which suggests that SC should not be considered as a fully differentiated lymphatic vessel. There is no lymphatic vessels in the choroid，but LYVE-1(+) or CD34(+) / VEGFR-3(+) netlike structures may compose lymphatic vessels temporarily in inflammation. Retina and optic nerves are absent of lymphatics, but may have “lymphtic” system consist of AQP4. Ocular lymphatics are closely related to ocular diseases. They may participate in the development of ocular surface inflammation and help the outflow of aqueous humor in patients with glaucoma. Lymphatic dysfunction may contribute to the progression of age-related macular degeneration. (Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2019, 43: 183-188)

Epidemiologic studies of age-related cataract

Chen Jiahui, Tang Yating, Jiang Yongxiang, Lu Yi

2019, 43(3):  189-193.  doi:10.3760/ cma.j.issn.1673-5803.2019.03.010

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Age-related cataract is one of the most important eye diseases leading to blindness and visual impairment worldwide. Epidemiologic studies had shown that the prevalence and incidence of age-related cataract were relately high and varied among groups with different age, gender, region and race. Various types of cataract were associated with different factors including age, sex, smoking, diabetes mellitus and estrogen. Age-related cataract was still a severe public health problem for elderly, women and illiterate groups. Although great progress had been made in the diagnosis and treatment of cataract, the cataract surgery rate in China remained low, and the project of vision restoration from cataract still had a long way to go. (Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2019, 43: 189-193)

Risk factors for primary glaucoma

Shen Danni, Ding Lin

2019, 43(3):  194-199.  doi:10.3760/ cma.j.issn.1673-5803.2019.03.011

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Glaucoma is an irreversible progressive lesion of optic nerve and visual function caused by relative elevation of intraocular pressure. Primary glaucoma is the main type of glaucoma. At present, the specific pathogenesis of primary glaucoma is not clear. High intraocular pressure, abnormal anatomical structure, sex, age, race, heredity, refractive status, mental and psychological factors, systemic diseases have been reported being related to the occurrence and development of primary glaucoma. (Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2019, 43: 194-199)

The research of retinal nerve fiber layer thickness in eyes with form deprivation amblyopia due to congenital cataract

Zhao Yuyu, Zhao Yune

2019, 43(3):  199-203.  doi: 10.3760/ cma.j.issn.1673-5803.2019.03.012

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In recent years, optical coherence tomography(OCT) has been used to study retinal nerve fiber layer thickness(RNFLT) in patients with congenital cataract deprivation amblyopia. The studies showed that RNFLT became thinner in the short term after cataract surgery. However, in the long-term, the RNFLT was thicker than the control group. Therefore, it is believed that the RNFLT in eyes with congenital cataract deprivation amblyopia may be abnormally thick.(Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2019, 43: 199-203)

Contrast sensitivity detection method and its application in amblyopia diagnosis and treatment

Deng Siyuan, Lv Zhonglin, Li Jinrong

2019, 43(3):  204-210.  doi:10.3760/ cma.j.issn.1673-5803.2019.03.013

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Amblyopia is a developmental abnormality that is a consequence of abnormal visual experience early in life. Contrast sensitivity function (CSF) plays an important role in diagnosis and treatment of amblyopia. It has been suggested that the CSF characterizes amblyopia’s spatial vision deficits better than letter acuity does. From grating charts and letter charts to computer-based testing, as the research moves along, CSF measurements have been developed with high efficiency. Amblyopia therapies based on CSF have come a long way from circular activate machine (CAM) to perceptual learning. (Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2019, 43： 204-210)

Clinical practice of microperimetry

Chen Xinru, Ye Bo

2019, 43(3):  210-216.  doi:10.3760/ cma.j.issn.1673-5803.2019.03.014

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Microperimetry is a new technique for evaluating visual function. It is used as a non-invasive method to analyze retinal sensitivity, fixing position and stability in different areas of macular fovea and parafovea. Compared with standard automated perimetry, microperimetry offers several unique features. It simultaneously images the fundus, incorporates an eye-tracking system to correct the stimulus location for fixation loss, and identifies any preferred retinal loci. Microperimetry is currently the clinical investigation of choice to assess residual visual functions and functional vision in macular degenerative diseases, especially geographic atrophy. There is an increasing popularity to employ microperimetry in clinical trials investigating new treatments for geographic atrophy, as well as other macular degenerative diseases, as a reliable functional outcome measure. (Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2019, 43： 210-216)