International Review of Ophthalmology

The interest of large deletions screening in the PAX6 gene mutations analysis in aniridia

LI Yang

2013, 37(1): 1-4. doi:10.3760/ cma. j. issn.1673.5803.2013.01.001

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Aniridia is a rare congenital disorder with an autosomal dominant mode of inheritance. The diseasecausing gene is the PAX6 gene located on chromosome 11p13. Both intragenic mutations and large deletions of the PAX6 gene lead to aniridia, therefore, screening for large deletions of this gene should be included in the analysis of patients with aniridia. The methods used in detecting large deletions of the PAX6 gene include stand cytogenetics G binding, fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH), multiplex amplification and probe hybridization (MAPH), and multiplex ligationdependent probe amplification (MLPA). With a higher resolution than FISH and allowing a more rapid analysis, MLPA is the most popular method for the detection of large deletions in the PAX6 gene. (Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2013, 37: 1-4)

Intraocular lens implantation for the treatment of astigmatism

SHI Jun-Ting, XU Wen

2013, 37(1): 5-9. doi:10.3760/ cma. j. issn.1673.5803.2013.01.002

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Refractive intraocular lens surgery can be used for the treatment of moderate and high regular astigmatism. Refractive intraocular lens surgery includes aphakic intraocular lens surgery and phakic intraocular lens surgery. In phakic intraocular lens surgery two types of intraocular lenses are used: irisclaw intraocular lens and posterior chamber intraocular lens. The purpose of this article is to review current knowledge of surgical treatments of astigmatism with a particular focus on toric implantable collamer lenses. (Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2013, 37: 5-9)

Usefulness of anterior segment imaging and measurement techniques in phakic intraocular lenses implantation

CHEN Fei-Fei, WANG Xiao-Ying

2013, 37(1): 10-18. doi:10. 3760/ cma. j. issn.16735803. 2013. 01. 003

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The effectiveness of phakic intraocular lens implantation for the correction of severe ametropias is widely recognized. Anterior segment imaging and measurement techniques such as Scheimpflug camera, optical coherence tomography, IOL Master, LenStar, Orbscan and high frequency ultrasound biomicroscopy provide valuable information about pre and postoperative anterior segment anatomy and allow customdesigned phakic intraocular lenses. We evaluated each imaging device considering its underlying principle and imaging capabilities, and by addressing its advantages and weaknesses for phakic intraocular lenses implantation. All imaging systems and particularly the noncontact ones provide high resolution images with good repeatability of anterior segment measurements. However, clinicians should be aware of the difference between imaging devices. They cannot be used interchangeably for the evaluation of the implantation phakic intraocular lenses. (Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2013, 37: 10-18)

Studies on fluidity of lens cell membrane and pathogenesis of cataract

ZHU Xiang-Jia, ZHANG Ke-Ke, LU Yi

2013, 37(1): 19-24. doi:10.3760/ cma. j. issn.1673.5803.2013.01.004

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From the fluid mosaic model to lipid rafts, the structural model of the cell membrane has been updating continuously. The cell membrane fluidity refers to the movement of lipid and protein molecules that construct the cell membrane together. Nowadays, there are several methods of fluidity observation through different mechanisms, such as spin labeling electron paramagnetic resonance and various fluorescent probes. The interaction of certain soluble proteins with the cell membrane can also alter its fluidity and other properties. For the lens cell membrane, there has been only limited research on its fluidity. The particular composition of lipids in lens cell membrane implies the special nature of its fluidity. As age is increasing, the fluidity of lens membrane changes accordingly, leading to the establishment of the diffusion pathways among the cells in the nuclear region, and the formation of syncytial ultrastructure. The analysis of the fluidity of lens cell membrane will be helpful in the future for further clarifying the pathogenesis of cataract. (Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2013, 37: 19-24)

Application and advances in laser treatments for presbyopia

LIN Fang-Yu, YANG Ya-Bo

2013, 37(1): 25-30. doi:10.3760/ cma. j. issn.1673.5803.2013.01.005

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The surgery of presbyopia is still a controversial subject with a variety of treatment methods. Nowadays interest is increasing in correcting presbyopia through laser, a noninvasive treatment, that mainly include corneal procedures such as laser in situ keratomileusis, femtosecond intrastromal correction, laser thermal keratoplasty, corneal inlay, and lens procedures such as lensotomy. This review outlines the application and development of laser surgeries for presbyopia. (Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2013, 37: 25-30)

Research progress on syndecan-4, a proteoglycan of the cell membrane surface, in ophthalmology

ZHU Yi, CHEN Chuan, WU Ming-Xing, LIU Yi-Zhi

2013, 37(1): 30-35. doi:10.3760/ cma. j. issn.1673.5803.2013.01.006

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Syndecan-4 is a kind of proteoglycan widely expressed on the surface of the cell membrane. It can not only serve as a "co-receptor" in the signal transduction pathway of many growth factors, but also act as a bridge of the cytoskeletal protein and extracellular matrix, and participate in the regulation of cell adhesion, proliferation and migration. It recently becomes a research hotspot in tumor, cardiovascular system and various other fields. In the field of ophthalmology, syndecan-4 is related to the formation of choroidal neovascularization, the reconstruction of the trabecular cytoskeletal protein and wound healing reaction. This article reviewed molecular structure, function, and research prospect of syndecan-4 in ophthalmology. (Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2013, 37: 30-35)

Diagnosis and treatment of polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy

LU Bing-Wen, WU Xing-Wei-

2013, 37(1): 36-42. doi:10.3760/ cma. j. issn.1673.5803.2013.01.007

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Polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy (PCV) is a distinct clinical entity characterized by orangered polypoidal subretinal lesions with recurrent serous and hemorrhagic detachments of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) and neurosensory retina. Fundus fluorescein angiography (FFA) has no typical manifestations while indocyanine green angiography (ICGA) can show the presence of choroidal networks of branching vessels as well as polypoidal or aneurismal dilations at the termination of choroidal vessels. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) findings often present as sharp protrusions of the RPE and the high reflective layer of choroidal capillaries with inner moderate reflections or nodular lesions. PCV should be differentiated from wet agerelated macular degeneration and some chronic central serous choroidal diseases. Although there is no standard protocol for the treatment of PCV, photodynamic therapy combined with intravitreal antiVEGF therapy can improve or stabilize patient's vision. (Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2013, 37: 36-42)

Research progress on ocular animal models for angiogenesis

GU Shun, WU Zhi-Feng

2013, 37(1): 43-47. doi:10.3760/ cma. j. issn.1673.5803.2013.01.008

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Increasing interest in developing reliable and reproducible models to study angiogenesis has emerged due to the large development of ocular neovascularization treatments. This review provides a summary of the principal ocular animal models for angiogenesis study. Models of anterior segment neovascularization include the corneal micropocket assay, used to study the influence of specific molecules/proteins in angiogenesis and corneal chemical or suture induced injury, which mimic more closely the complex nature of the human disease. Angiogenesis models of the posterior segment include the well known laserinduced injury of the choroid/Bruch's membrane as well as the oxygen induced retinopathy and models of injections of proangiogenic/inflammatory molecules. In addition, knockout or knockin transgenic mice provide powerful tools in studying the role of specific proteins in angiogenesis.(Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2013, 37: 43-47)

The relationship between MiRNA and ocular diseases

WU Dan, XU Jian-Jiang

2013, 37(1): 48-53. doi:10.3760/ cma. j. issn.1673.5803.2013.01.009

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MiRNA is a class of small noncoding RNA which regulates gene expression posttranscriptionally by translational repression and mRNA degradation. They play important roles in many biological processes. Nowadays, the relationships between MiRNA and the development of ocular tissues and ocular diseases have been shown to be a hot topic in ophthalmology. This review focuses on the detection and mechanism of MiRNA, the expression of MiRNA in ocular tissues such as the cornea, lens, retina, but also on the correlation among MiRNA and diseases of the ocular surface, lens, uvea, and retina and in glaucoma. (Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2013, 37: 48-53)

The pathological changes in early diabetic retinopathy

DANG Chen-Ye, FAN Ying-Chuan

2013, 37(1): 54-58. doi:10.3760/ cma. j. issn.16735803.2013.01.010

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The pathological mechanisms of diabetic retinopathy (DR) have always been a research hot topic. It has been believed that retinal microvascular lesions are the earliest pathological change in DR. But recently, studies showed that bloodretinal barrier damage and nerve degeneration also play a decisive role in early DR pathological changes. Some authors found that a large number of apoptotic neurons and activated microglial cells appeared before the retinal microvascular lesions happened. Because early DR analysis is of great value for clinical diagnosis and treatment, this article reviews the research advances in early diabetic retinopathy physiopathology. (Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2013, 37: 54-58)

Effect of oxidative stress in the development of glaucoma

WU Jia-Hui, CUI Hong-Ping

2013, 37(1): 59-62. doi:10.3760/ cma. j. issn.1673.5803.2013.01.011

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Glaucoma is an irreversible neuropathy and oxidative stress probably plays an important role in its pathological process. Oxidative damage can destroy cells of many parts of ocular tissue, induce decrease of intracellular antioxidant enzymes and increase antioxidantrelated proteins, finally lead to deposition of these proteins and cell death. Oxidative damage also modifies the cytoskeleton of mitochondria in trabecular meshwork cells and causes pathologic degradation of trabecular meshwork cells. Oxidative stress also induces raise of antioxidantrelated proteins and endogenous apoptosis of mitochondria in retinal ganglion cells, and lastly results in retinal ganglion cell dysfunction. (Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2013, 37: 59-62)

The effect of low vision aids in reading rehabilitation

XIANG Wu, FENG Juan-Juan, LIAO Rui-Duan

2013, 37(1): 63-68. doi:10.3760/ cma. j. issn.1673.5803.2013.01.012

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There are no consistent results about the effects of low visual aids in reading rehabilitation. By reviewing related articles, we have summarized the effect on reading rehabilitation of different kinds of low visual aids, including large print, magnifiers, optical and electronic low visual aids, and non-optical factors such as contrast sensitivity, reading material (line spacing, word spacing and letter spacing, font size and length, line width), etc. (Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2013, 37: 63-68)

Radiotherapy in the treatment of ocular diseases

SU Hong-Yu, ZHANG Xiu-Lan, WEI Shi-Hui-

2013, 37(1): 69-74. doi:10.3760/ cma. j. issn.1673.5803.2013.01.013

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Radiotherapy has been widely used in the treatment of ocular tumors and inflammatory diseases. It can be used either alone or combined with surgery and chemotherapy. With the improvements of medical images and computer technologies in recent years, radiotherapy has made great progress, enabling precise location such as 3dimentional conformal radiotherapy, intensitymodulated radiation therapy, and imageguided radiotherapy. However, clinicians should pay attention to the complications of radiotherapy, such as dry eye, neovascular glaucoma, radiation retinopathy and neuropathy (Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2013, 37: 69-postⅡ)

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