Table of Content

22 February 2017, Volume 41 Issue 1

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Research progress of environmental factors and genetic factors associated with high myopia

CHEN Meng-meng, QI Yan-hua

2017, 41(1):  1-7.  doi:10.3760/ cma.j.issn.1673-5803.2017.01.001

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It is generally believed that high myopia is a complex disease caused by the interaction of multiple genes and environmental factors. Recent studies have shown that genetic factors seem to be a dominant factor. However，the pathogenesis remains unclear. Genome-wide association studies use high through put genotyping technologies to genotype single-nucleotide polymorphisms and relate them to the diseases. It has been the best method used in high myopia genetic research. Previous studies have indicated that 341 loci are associated with myopia，and studies on high myopia have found suspicious pathogenic genes--OPN1LW, NYX, UHRF1BP1L, PTPRR, PPFIA2, IGF-1, TGFB1, RASGRF1, GJD2, LOXL3,APLP2,ZNF644,and so on. This provided the basis for studying the genetic factors of high myopia. Furthermore, population studies in recent years show that indoor close distance work or study, socioeconomic status, education level, family income level, serum 25(OH)D concentration, outdoor activities to a certain extent affect the prevalence of myopia.   (Int Rev Ophthalmol,  2017,  41:   1-7)

Optical coherence tomograph of prelaminar tissue and its relationship with oculopathy

ZHANG Qi, WANG Ya-xing, LI Jian-jun, XU Liang

2017, 41(1):  8-13.  doi:10.3760/ cma.j.issn.1673-5803.2017.01.002

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The prelaminar tissue locates anterior to the lamina cribrosa. The prelaminar tissue and lamina cribrosa tissue are both indispensable parts in the process of glaucomatous optic neuropathy. With the development of optical coherence tomography(OCT), these tissues become observable in vivo. The thickness of prelaminar tissue becomes thinner during intraocular pressure (IOP) elevation and ischemia, and thicker after IOP reduction caused by glaucoma surgery. Explorement of the changes of the prelaminar tissue might be helpful to understand the pathogenesis of these diseases. Prelaminar tissue thickness can also provide clinical biomarker for monitoring glaucoma during patient follow-up. In addition, some investigators have found that the prelaminar tissue is related to ischemic optic neuropathy, diabetic optic neuropathy and retinitis pigmentosa.  (Int Rev Ophthalmol,  2017,  41:   8-13)

Research progress of sagging eye syndrome

HAO Rui, ZHANG Wei

2017, 41(1):  14-18.  doi:10.3760/ cma.j.issn.1673-5803.2017.01.003

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Orbital connective tissue plays an important role in eye movements. Its degenerative change along with the aging change can cause change of pulley position, which controls the extraocular rectus muscle movement in human eyes, leading to some special types of strabismus, namely "sagging eye syndrome", including divergence insufficiency esotropia or divergence paralysis esotropia, and the occurrence of a small degree of vertical strabismus or cyclovertical strabismus. Orbital magnetic resonance imaging examination revealed that the occurrence was related to the Pulley location degeneration of extraocular rectus muslces. The treatment and surgery of the strabismus caused by orbital connective tissue degeneration is different. Either medial rectus muscle recession or lateral rectus resection is adopted for divergence paralysis esotropia, but different degree partial tenotomy of vertical rectus muscles for treatment of hypertropia is employed.   (Int Rev Ophthalmol,  2017,  41:   14-18)

Ocular manifestations of intracranial aneurysms

FENG Rong-hua, XIAO Yi-qin, LU Zhao-zeng

2017, 41(1):  18-22.  doi:10.3760/ cma.j.issn.1673-5803.2017.01.004

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Intracranial aneurysms is a common disease of the nervous system. Most of them usually have no obvious clinical manifestations before rupturing. However, serious complications may happen, even to endanger the lives of patients after intracranial aneurysms rupture. A part of intracranial aneurysms can cause ocular manifestations, such as papilledema, retinal hemorrhage, vitreous hemorrhage, decreased visual acuity, visual field defect, oculomotor nerve palsy, abducens nerve palsy and trigeminal neuropathy, etc. The imaging diagnostic methods of intracranial aneurysms include computed tomography(CT), magnetic resonance angiography(MRA), digital subtraction angiography(DSA). The DSA is the most accurate method for the diagnosis of intracranial aneurysms. Morever, the treatment of intracranial aneurysms mainly rely on surgery，including microsurgical clipping and endovascular interventional therapy. The choice of surgery should be based on disease and medical conditions.  (Int Rev Ophthalmol,  2017,  41:   18-22)

The natural history and management of intermittent exotropia

XIE Wen-fang1, LI Jun-hong2

2017, 41(1):  23-27.  doi:10.3760/ cma.j.issn.1673-5803.2017.01.005

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Intermittent exotropia is the most common type of exotropia with an approximate proportion of 44.9%. The natural history of intermittent exotropia includes developing into the constant exotropia, or returning to orthophoria, or deviation degree remaining unchanged. The current treatment options include surgical treatment and non-surgical treatment. For non-surgical treatment, there're several choice, such as observation, correction of refractive error, occlusion, prism, botulinum toxin type A, and so on.  (Int Rev Ophthalmol,  2017,  41:   23-27)

All-trans retinoid acid and the ocular surface

YAO Wang, LE Qi-hua

2017, 41(1):  28-31.  doi:10.3760/ cma.j.issn.1673-5803.2017.01.006

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All-trans retinoid acid (ATRA) is one of the vital metabolites of vitamin A. ATRA plays a crucial role in the regulation of cellular proliferation, differentiation, and normal keratinization of ocular surface epithelium. ATRA has a potential therapeutic effect against some ocular surface cicatricial disorders such as Stevens-Johnson syndrome and diseases associated with corneal epithelial damage. ATRA is a promising tool in the treatment of allogenic graft rejection after penetrating keratoplasty and partial limbal stem cell deficiency (LSCD).   (Int Rev Ophthalmol,  2017,  41:  28-31)

Progress of research on matrix metalloproteinases and their inhibitors in the pathogenesis of ocular surface diseases

HUANG Li, XIANG Min-hong, ZHANG Xing-ru

2017, 41(1):  32-37.  doi:10.3760/ cma.j.issn.1673-5803.2017.01.007

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Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are a group of endogenous protease which degrades extracellular matrix system. Their inhibitors, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases (TIMPs) and MMPs systems, degrade and restore the extracellular matrix (ECM). Expression level imbalance of MMPs and TIMPs system are closely related to the occurrence of ocular diseases, especially ocular surface diseases. It is believed that the excessive expression of MMPs, including MMP-1, MMP-3 and MMP-9 in fibroblasts in conjunctival stroma are key factors to cause imbalance between MMPs and TIMPs. Imbalance between MMPs and TIMPs leads to the melt of collagen fiber, elastic fiber degeneration, excessive degradation of conjunctival matrix and Tenon capsule, causing abnormal ocular surface tears. Ocular surface tear abnormality destroys the stability of the ocular surface environment, involved in many ocular surface diseases such as dry eye, conjunctival relaxation, pterygium, keratitis, and many other pathological changes of ocular surface diseases.  (Int Rev Ophthalmol,  2017,  41:   32-37)

Progress of research on tear change and treatment in conjunctivochalasis

JIA Yuan-ling, ZHANG Xing-ru, XIANG Min-hong

2017, 41(1):  38-42.  doi:10.3760/ cma.j.issn.1673-5803.2017.01.008

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Conjunctivochalasis is a common age-related ocular surface change. The loose conjunctiva accumulates between the eyelid, causing changes of tear secretion, excretion and tear components, leading to tear film instability and incomplete tear river. Dry and blurred symptoms appear. The visual quality and life quality reduced. The current treatments include local eye drops, traditional Chinese medicine and surgery. The common used surgical methods include crescent-shaped resection, conjunctival suture fixation, bipolar coagulation, lower eyelid tension reducing and so on. These methods improve patients' lacrimal symptoms and signs in varying degrees.  (Int Rev Ophthalmol,  2017,  41:   38-42)

The current research status of the corneal neovascularization treatment

WEN Shu, YANG Wei

2017, 41(1):  43-47.  doi:10.3760/ cma.j.issn.1673-5803.2017.01.009

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Corneal neovascularization(CNV) is one of the important pathological changes that leads to serious vision decline or even blindness. In recent years, with the deep study of molecular biology, immunology and pharmacology, the methods of treating CNV have made a breakthrough. At present, the common treatment methods include hormone drugs, anti-vascular endothelial growth factor, conjunctival transplantation, photodynamic therapy and so on. However, there is no effective therapeutic medicine or cure methods for CNV. How to prevent and treat CNV has become a hotspot in research in ophthalmology.  (Int Rev Ophthalmol,  2017,  41:   43-47)

The pathogenesis and the risk factors of meibomian gland dysfunction

HUANG Zhen-qin1, DONG Tian-hui1, ZHAN Zhan-ji1, ZHOU Jie-long1, FU Min2

2017, 41(1):  48-52.  doi:10.3760/ cma.j.issn.1673-5803.2017.01.010

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Meibomian gland dysfunction(MGD) is a chronic, diffuse abnormality of the meibomian glands characterized by terminal duct obstruction and/or qualitative/ quantitative changes in the glandular secretion. It may result in abnormality of the tear film, symptoms of eye irritation, inflammation, and ocular surface disease. The related factors about the pathogenesis of MGD are relevant to abnormal glandular secretion and terminal duct obstruction. The inflammation is believed as a critical pathogenesis. In addition, tear lipocalin and apoptosis also play important roles in the pathogenesis of MGD.   (Int Rev Ophthalmol,  2017,  41:   48-52)

Research  progress of proteomics technology in fundus diseases

DING Nan-nan，YU Meng-xi, WU Zhi-feng

2017, 41(1):  52-55.  doi:10.3760/ cma.j.issn.1673-5803.2017.01.011

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Proteomic is committed to study a proteome according to the time, space and cell types qualitatively and quantitatively, including protein expression and cellular localization, the protein-protein interaction, and protein modification after translation and protein turnover. The general research techniques used in proteomics include protein separation techniques and identification technology and bioinformatics analysis. The application of proteomics in fundus diseases research  mainly include  to screen typical proteins in vitreous and plasma, to explore the pathogenesis which different proteins may be involved, such as retinal degeneration and changes of retinal vascular permeability, and to optimize the treatment plan. Now the proteomic technology is used to explore the pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment of age-related macular degeneration, idiopathic macular membrane, diabetic retinopathy, proliferative vitreoretinopathy, retinitis pigmentosa and so on.  (Int Rev Ophthalmol,  2017,  41:   52-55)

The progress of the retinal blood oxygen saturation measurement technology 

WANG Hui-min, YE Yu-feng

2017, 41(1):  56-61.  doi:10.3760/ cma.j.issn.1673-5803.2017.01.012

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 Retinal blood oxygen saturation measurement methods can be divided into invasive and noninvasive techniques. The invasive method uses oxygen sensitive microelectrodes to measure the oxygen saturation directly. The results are accurate, but only applied in animal experiments, not applicable to the human body yet. The noninvasive methods include multi-wavelength fundus photography and optical coherence tomography (OCT). The former method is fast and convenient, which has currently been widely used in clinical research. OCT can scan the retina and choroid in depth, but there has been little research using this method. Retina is the only organ in the body where we can observe the blood vessels and their distribution pattern directly in vivo. The advancement of these technologies will enrich our knowledge about the ocular diseases.  (Int Rev Ophthalmol,  2017,  41:   56-61)

The relationship between diabetic macular edema and inflammation

HUANG Yin-hua, YE Bo

2017, 41(1):  62-67.  doi:10.3760/ cma.j.issn.1673-5803.2017.01.013

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Diabetic macular edema can cause damage to retinal cells and fibrosis, which is the leading cause of diabetic patients’ visual loss. The occurence and development of disease are related to the interaction of advanced glycation end-products, leukocyte stasis, vascular endothelial growth factor and other inflammatory factors. Targeted therapy for macular edema, such as nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, Ozurdex, lymphocyte functionassociated antigen-1, and so on,  has shown certain curative effect in clinical trials and provides new methods for the treatment of diabetic macular edema.  (Int Rev Ophthalmol,  2017,  41:   62-67)

Application study on the far-red/near-infrared photobiomodulation in ocular disease

ZHAO Hui, QU Chao

2017, 41(1):  68-72.  doi:10.3760/ cma.j.issn.1673-5803.2017.01.014

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The photobiomodulation (PBM) of low energy photon irradiation in the far-red (FR) to near-infrared (NIR) light can prevent cell death, enhance the function of mitochondria, accelerate wound healing. FR/NIR light can penetrate tissues and reach to the retina, so researchers applied it to the treatment of ocular disease, particularly in retinal disease, such as methanol intoxication in the retina, light-induced retinal damage, retinitis pigmentosa, age related macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy, retinopathy of prematurity and so on. PBM won’t damage retina and other tissues. It will offer a novel, non-invasive, safty and effectiveness treatment method for ocular disease.   (Int Rev Ophthalmol,  2017,  41:   68-72)