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Table of Content

    22 April 2017, Volume 41 Issue 2
    The latest research on myopic foveoschisis
    CHENG Zhao-hui, LI Xiao-rong
    2017, 41(2):  73-78.  doi:10.3760/ cma.j.issn.1673-5803.2017.02.001
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    Myopic foveoschisis (MF) is one of the common complicaitons of high myopia. The tangential and perpendicular traction of posterior vitreous cortex and internal limiting membrane on the retina, traction from retinal blood vessels, scleral ectasis are thought to be important risk factors. Pars plana vitrectomy or combined with internal limiting membrane peeling and scleral buckling is usually used to treat the disease. Although there are common consensus on the indications and approaches of the operation, the opinions about operation timing and methods are still controversial. (Int Rev Ophthalmol,  2017,  41:    73-78)

    MicroRNAs and age-related macular degeneration
    HU Juan, XUE Li-ping
    2017, 41(2):  79-82.  doi:10.3760/ cma.j.issn.1673-5803.2017.02.002
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    MicroRNA (miRNA) refers to a small endogenous non-coding RNA molecule. Its abnormal expression is closely related to the development of age-related macular degeneration (AMD). MiRNA plays an important role in pathogenesis of AMD, including the inflammatory response, oxidative stress injury, amyloid, choroidal neovascularization(CNV) and other lesions development. These findings may provide new possibilities for early diagnosis, treatment and prognosis judgment of AMD. (Int Rev Ophthalmol,  2017,  41:    79-82)

    Research progress on  tyrosine kinase and its inhibitors in the mechanism and therapy of retinal neovascularization
    HE Rong-hua1, ZHOU Guo-hong2, KONG Li3
    2017, 41(2):  83-87.  doi:10.3760/ cma.j.issn.1673-5803.2017.02.003
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    The occurrence and development of angiogenesis involves the complex biological processes of multiple growth factors and their receptors. Many growth factor receptors are tyrosine kinase receptors. Protein tyrosine kinases play an important role in the occurrence and development of new blood vessels. The biological activity of growth factors needs to bind to its target cell receptors and activate receptor tyrosine kinase. The structure of  protein tyrosine kinase is changed to produce the enzyme catalytic effect, which can cause the biological effect, thus promoting the formation of new blood vessels. Searching for selective tyrosinase inhibitors to block or regulate the disease caused by abnormal activation of these pathways is a research strategy of anti angiogenesis drugs. (Int Rev Ophthalmol,  2017,  41:    83-87)

    The difference between age-related and glaucomatous changes in retinal ganglion cells and their axons
    HUO Yan-jiao, GUO Yan
    2017, 41(2):  87-91.  doi:10.3760/ cma.j.issn.1673-5803.2017.02.004
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    Retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) and their axons lost with a non-pathological way during aging. Age-related changes were characterized by the loss of RGCs’ dendrites, but the number of RGCs keeps stable. While glaucomatous changes  show overall and focal RGCs reduction. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) can reflect the RGCs and their axons indirectly, which can differentiate between age-related and glaucomatous changes. Progressive OCT parameters change between 20-50 years indicated glaucoma injury because age-related changes have little effect on OCT parameters in this period. Age-related changes appear beyond 50 years when function related focal OCT parameters change indicated glaucoma progression. (Int Rev Ophthalmol,  2017,  41:    87-91)

    The pathogenesis of early intraretinal proliferative vitreoretinopathy
    ZHOU Ying, WU Zhi-feng
    2017, 41(2):  92-95.  doi:10.3760/ cma.j.issn.1673-5803.2017.02.005
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    According to the latest study, the initial mechanisms implicated in proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR) is part of the nonspecific tissue repair process of retinal reconstruction. After retinal separation, the retinal outer layers become ischemic and the photoreceptors start to die by several pathways, but mainly apoptosis. This loss of neurons stimulates the hypertrophy of retinal glial cells (mainly Müller cells), but also astrocytes and microglia, that begin the remodeling of the retina and perhaps the neuroprotection of the remaining neurons. However, these intraretinal changes cause the substitution of neurons by glial tissue and  shortening of the retina. As part of tissue remodeling, the process of PVR is triggered by glial cells. Frequently, RPE cells de-differentiate into fibroblast- or macrophage-like cell morphology. In this process, contractile cellular or fibrocellular membranes are created, preventing retinal reattachment. We propose to identify and name this process as intraretinal PVR.(Int Rev Ophthalmol,  2017,  41:    92-95)

    Clinical application of endoscopic cyclophotocoagulation in the treatment of glaucoma
    LIN Wen-xiang, WANG Tao
    2017, 41(2):  96-100.  doi:10.3760/ cma.j.issn.1673-5803.2017.02.006
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    Endoscopic cyclophotocoagulation(ECP), as one of minimally invasive glaucoma surgery(MIGS), featured by observing the ciliary process directly and well controlling the laser energy and coagulation spots is regarded as a new option for the management of glaucoma. ECP has the advantages of controllable, less complications and better safety in treatment of refractory glaucoma, absolute glaucoma and congenital glaucoma. ECP combined phacoemulsification is now utilized in treatment of less advanced glaucoma coexisting with cataract in recent years with better outcomes including reduction of intraocular pressure and higher success rate. (Int Rev Ophthalmol,  2017,  41:    96-100)

    Research progress on surgical management of lens subluxation
    CHEN Jia-hui, JING Qing-he, JIANG Yong-xiang
    2017, 41(2):  101-105.  doi:10.3760/ cma.j.issn.1673-5803.2017.02.00
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    The surgical treatment is the main management for lens subluxation at present. In recent years, to retain and remodel the septum of the capsular bag and zonule to the fullest extent, some novel capsular auxiliary devices, such as capsular retractors, capsular tension rings, capsular tension segements, capsular anchors, and the  femtosecond laser-assisted cataract surgery have been used, which makes the operation safer and leads to less postoperative complications. When treating  patients with lens subluxation,   the preoperative clinical evaluation, the selection of surgical approaches, the use of intraoperative equipment, and the implantation of intraocular lens (IOL) need to be considered comprehensively by ophthalmic surgeons. In order to obtain the best effect of surgical management, surgeons should try to reduce the intraoperative and postoperative complications as much as possible, and maintain the stability of the capsular bag and IOL.(Int Rev Ophthalmol,  2017,  41:    101-105)

    Changes of intraocular pressure during phacoemulsification and its influence
    LIN Jia, LIAO Xuan, LAN Chang-jun
    2017, 41(2):  106-109.  doi:10.3760/ cma.j.issn.1673-5803.2017.02.008
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    Intraocular pressure (IOP)  significant varies during cataract phacoemulsification. At present, the studies of IOP in phacoemulsification  are mainly carried out using sensors connected with the animal or human eye anterior chamber or vitreous cavity, or implemented by sensors placed on the central cornea, so that the IOP and ocular blood flow can be measured in real-time fashion during operation. The results showed that intraoperative IOP was closely related to the height of the perfusion bottle and fluctuated strongly and constantly. Optic nerve and retina can be damaged on account of sharp increases and changes in intraoperative IOP. The surgeons should pay attention to the changes of intraoperative IOP, especially for patients with advanced glaucoma and ischemic optic neuropathy. In the case of maintaining the anterior chamber stability, reducing bottle height will decrease optic nerve and retinal damage and increase surgical safety.  (Int Rev Ophthalmol,  2017,  41:   106-109)

    Pediatric introcular lens power calculation
    FENG Zhang-qing1,LI Jun-hong2
    2017, 41(2):  110-115.  doi:10.3760/ cma.j.issn.1673-5803.2017.02.009
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    To choose accurate and appropriate intraocular lens(IOL)is a major challenge of pediatric cataract surgery. Pediatric IOL power calculation suffers from significant prediction errors, which is caused by measurement errors and the IOL calculation formula errors. So it is very important to make a choice of measuring instruments and IOL calculation formula. Compared with the other formulas, the Holladay2 formula had the most accurate calculation outcome for the short axial children. Seven parameters (white to white cornea diameter, lens thickness, axial length, corneal refractive power, anterior chamber depth, preoperative refraction, age) will be measured for the Holladay2. To some extent, the formula achieves the personalized IOL power calculation, but the formula requires the children have enough cooperation. Along with the growth of the eyeball, the diopter of pediatric eye will change,  we should choose correct postoperative refractive target. (Int Rev Ophthalmol,  2017,  41:    110-115)

    The status and progress on the treatment of recurrent pterygium
    TAN Ye-hui, LIAO Wu
    2017, 41(2):  115-121.  doi:10.3760/ cma.j.issn.1673-5803.2017.02.010
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    Recurrent pterygium is one of the most common complication of pterygium surgery, which grows again after the primary pterygium excision. In recent years, with the progress of modern pharmacotherapeutics and physical treatment such as laser and radiation, and the improvement of pterygium microsurgery methods and surgical items, the surgical treatment has became the main therapeutic method with the auxiliary application of drugs and physical therapy. But the recurrence rate after surgery of recurrent pterygium is still high. How to reduce the recurrence is still the key and difficult points in  treatment of pterygium.(Int Rev Ophthalmol,  2017,  41:    115-121)

    The surgical treatment of acanthamoeba keratitis
    ZHANG Ya-li, LIU Li-mei, ZHANG Shao-bin
    2017, 41(2):  122-125.  doi:10.3760/ cma.j.issn.1673-5803.2017.02.011
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    Acanthamoeba keratitis is caused by acanthamoeba protozoa infection, which usually presents as a chronic, progressive and painful corneal ulcer. It is also a serious blindness leading eye disease. Acanthamoeba keratitis is related to wearing corneal contact lens, pollution of water source and corneal trauma. For the treatment of acanthamoeba keratitis, the first choice is medicine. Timely surgical treatment should be given when drug therapy fails. The surgical treatments include corneal lesion resection, corneal local burn, corneal lesion resection combined with conjunctival flap covering or amniotic membrane transplantation, corneal transplantation, etc. The clinical application of new corneal collagen cross-linking therapy gives more hope for cure of acanthamoeba keratitis. (Int Rev Ophthalmol,  2017,  41:    122-125)

    Research progress on the surface tension of tear-film influenced by the compositions of meibum
    LAI Qing-hua, GAO Ying-ying
    2017, 41(2):  125-130.  doi:10.3760/ cma.j.issn.1673-5803.2017.02.012
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    The surface tension is an important physical property of tear film, which enables the tear fluid to spread over the corneal epithelium and form a stable film. Tear film lipids are mostly composed of meibomian gland lipids (meibum). The surfactants in meibum such as phospolipids, free fatty acid and (o-acyl)-ω-hydroxy fatty acids (OAHFA), can form a monomolecular ampholytic interface. The nature and activity of the surfactant molecules is the key factor which stabilize the tear film by lowering surface tension and increasing tear film break-up time. (Int Rev Ophthalmol,  2017,  41:    125-130)

    Advances in the mechanisms of microenvironmental factors on corneal endothelium
    YU Fei, HU Yang, FU Yao
    2017, 41(2):  131-135.  doi:10.3760/ cma.j.issn.1673-5803.2017.02.013
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    As the most active layer of cornea, corneal endothelium plays an essential role in maintaining corneal transparency. And the microenvironment of corneal endothelial cells is the key to reveal mechanisms of corneal endothelial diseases and culture corneal endothelium in vitro to reduce the donor burden of corneal endothelial transplantation. The corneal endothelial microenvironment includes many kinds of ubiquitous cytokines, such as growth factors, nutritional factors, inflammatory factors and stem factors, which have direct effects on cells. It is also confirmed that due to the specific location of corneal endothelium, the high oxidation environment, the intraocular pressure and other physical stresses and adjacent tissues, like lens, Descemet's membrane, aqueous humor and so on, also have important interactions with corneal endothelial cells in microenvironment.(Int Rev Ophthalmol,  2017,  41:    131-135)

    Behavioral treatment of amblyopia
    ZHUO De-yi, XIAO Lin
    2017, 41(2):  136-140.  doi:10.3760/ cma.j.issn.1673-5803.2017.02.014
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    The traditional treatment of amblyopia includes best optical correction, patching or atropine penalization of the fellow eye. Nevertheless, a deeper understanding of the pathogenesis of amblyopia has been obtained based on a much deeper understanding of experimental animal model of amblyopia, electrophysiology and neurobiochemistry. Activating the visual plasticity after the end of the sensitive or critical period of visual development has been proved to be feasible. Thus, a variety of new therapies, such as, perceptual learning, video gaming, dichoptic training, transcranial magnetic stimulation have been applied to treat amblyopia in children and adults. All these new therapies, collectively called behavioral treatment, serve restoring cortical plasticity and reducing interocular suppression as a strategy for the reinstatement of visual functions in amblyopic patients.(Int Rev Ophthalmol,  2017,  41:    136-140)

    The research progress of congenital dacryocystocele
    GUO Zhen
    2017, 41(2):  140-144.  doi:10.3760/ cma.j.issn.1673-5803.2017.02.015
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    Congenital dacryocystocele is formed when the nasolacrimal duct is obstructed at both the proximal and terminal ends, i.e. at the valve of Rosenmuller and the valve of Hasner, which results in the secondary dilatation of lacrimal sac. The main clinical manifestation is a bluish mass at lacrimal sac area. It is different from the common congentital dacryocystitis during childhood. There is self-healing tendency and effectiveness of conservative treatment for congenital dacyocystocele, but it is subject to the complication of the serious infection and life-threatening respiratory distress. Recent research is inclined to conservative treatment initially, then surgery  if conservative treatment failed.(Int Rev Ophthalmol,  2017,  41:    140-144)