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Table of Content

    22 December 2019, Volume 43 Issue 6
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    The characteristics of choridal and retinal diseases that damage ellipsoid zone
    Xue Qing， Zhang Junlan， Chen Wenjing
    2019, 43(6):  361-365.  doi:10.3760/cma.j.issn.1673-5803.2019.06.001
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    Ellipsoid zone is an important reflection layer on optical coherence tomography (OCT) in the outer retina. It is an important sign to determine whether the visual cells are alive or not. A variety of fundus diseases can lead to the damages of the outer retina, especially the damages of the ellipsoid zone. The diseases that showed reversible ellipsoid zone damge included multiple evanescent white dot syndrome and syphilitic chorioretinitis. The diseases leading to non\|reversible ellipsoid zone damge include acute zonal occult outer retinopathy, retinal light damage, Stargardt disease, serpiginous choroiditis, retinitis pigmentosa, cancer\|associated retinopathy, etc. These diseases cause irreversible vision loss. The prognosis of vision can be determined by the integrity of the ellipsoid zone.(Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2019, 43: 361-365)

    Treatment of macular edema after vitrectomy
    Wang Beibei, Li Qiuming, Dong Shuqian, Hu Zhirou
    2019, 43(6):  366-372.  doi:10.3760/cma.j.issn.1673-5803.2019.06.002
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    The occurrence of macular edema (ME) after pars plana vitrectomy (PPV) severely affects postoperative visual acuity. Corticosteroids can effectively control the inflammatory response. It is currently the main method for the treatment of inflammation\|related ME after PPV. It can be applied topically, peri\|injection, or intravitreal injection of long\|acting or short\|acting glucocorticoids. Other treatments include surgical removal of macular membrane\|like traction, vitreous injection of anti\|vascular endothelial growth factor(VEGF), topical application of non\|steroidal anti\|inflammatory drugs, oral carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, subcutaneous injection of alpha-2a interferon and topical betalol.(Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2019, 43: 366-372)

    Research and application of photobiomodulation of rod cells for diabetic retinopathy
    Chen Zhiqing1, Liu Haipeng2, Zheng Dingchang2
    2019, 43(6):  373-376.  doi:10.3760/cma.j.issn.1673-5803.2019.06.003
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    Diabetic retinopathy（DR）is a leading cause of blindness among working\|age adults. Currently there is no effective treatment for DR. Studies have proved that dark adaptation of rod cells could worsen DR by enhancing the oxidation stress and hypoxia in inner retina. Recently, a new biophysical treatment of DR has been proposed based on the photobiomodulation of rod cells. With continuous photobiomodulation in dark environment, the activity of rod cells could be inhibited to decrease the harm to retina. This treatment has been shown to be effective in in\|vitro cell and in\|vivo animal experiments. Recent clinical trials have also preliminarily validated its effectiveness, leading to the conclusion that this new method could provide an alternative for DR treatment.(Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2019, 43: 373-376)

    Preventive and protective effects of natural antioxidants on diabetic retinopathy
    Sun Miaomiao, He Na, Lv Zhigang
    2019, 43(6):  377-384.  doi:10.3760/cma.j.issn.1673-5803.2019.06.004
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    Oxidative stress is a common injury mechanism in the development of diabetic retinopathy (DR). Antioxidants, as inhibitors of oxidative stress, play a certain role in the prevention and protection of DR.Natural antioxidants exist in plants or food, which have the advantages of easy access, easy acceptance by patients, low side effects, and partial dietary access to prevent the progression of DR. Therefore, they have become the first choice for the research on the use of antioxidants to prevent and delay DR. Recent studies have found that most antioxidants play an antioxidant role through the Nrf2 signaling pathway, but the specific mechanism of action is different due to the complexity of the upstream and downstream proteins of the signaling pathway, so the specific mechanism of action of various antioxidants in DR remains to be further studied. (Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2019, 43: 377-384)

    Inhibitory effect of negative vascular regulators on retinal neovascularization
    2019, 43(6):  385-389.  doi:10.3760/ cma.j.issn.1673-5803.2019.06.005
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    Retinal neovascularization is a complex and interactive result among various vascular factors. Angiogenesis inhibitors, such as pigment epithelium derived factor, angiostatin, endostatin, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase, thrombospondin-1, soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase-1, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1, arrestin, α-melanocyte-stimulating homone, can inhibit angiogenesis. Its mechanisms of action include inhibiting the division and migration of endothelial cells, reducing the activity of endothelial cells, promoting the death of endothelial cells, interfering with the interaction between basement membrane and endothelial cells, inhibiting the proteolytic reaction and the adhesion movement of endothelial cells and down regulating expression of several pro\|angiogenic factors. The angiogenesis have potential clinical significance for prevention and treatment of retinal neovascularization. (Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2019, 43: 385-389)

    The protective effect and its potential mechanism of the epigallocatechin gallate in retinal diseases
    Xu Jiaowen, Zhu Manhui, Song E
    2019, 43(6):  390-395.  doi:10.3760/cma.j.issn.1673-5803.2019.06.006
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    Epgallocatechin gallate (EGCG) is the main active ingredient of polyphenols in green tea, which has beneficial effects on many diseases. It has protective effect on retina through antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, hypoglycemic, neuroprotective, inhibiting apoptosis and angiogenesis. It plays a preventive role in age-related macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy and other retinal diseases.(Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2019, 43: 390-395)

    The effect of genes in the pathogenesis of keratoconus
    Wei Liping，Cao Yanna，He Guiyun
    2019, 43(6):  396-400.  doi:10.3760/cma.j.issn.1673-5803.2019.06.007
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    Keratoconus (KC) is the most common corneal dilatation, which is characterized by a convex and thinning cornea that leads to myopia, irregular astigmatism, and eventually vision loss. Many studies have reported the role of genes in the pathogenesis of keratoconus. For example, mutations in genes such as dedicator of cytokinesis 9(DOCK9), zinc finger E-binding homeobox 1(ZEB1), and zinc finger protein 469(ZNF469) can all cause the disease. But the pathogenicity of most genes is still limited. The pathogenesis may involve multiple mechanisms. In addition to genes, inflammation and apoptosis seem to be involved in the development of keratoconus.(Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2019, 43: 396-400)

    Application of visual electrophysiology in the diagnosis of amblyopia in children
    Wang Jiajun, Kou Jiaojiao, Zhao Yune
    2019, 43(6):  401-405.  doi: 10.3760/ cma.j.issn.1673-5803.2019.06.008
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    Visual electrophysiology, as a non\|invasive and objective examination method, can objectively evaluate the retinal function of children with amblyopia. For different types of amblyopia and children with amblyopia at different ages, a visual electrophysiological examination was performed. The results demonstrated significant differences in the amplitude and latency of each wave. The abnormal components could indicate the type of amblyopia and assist the diagnosis and evaluation of treatment effect of amblyopia.(Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2019, 43: 401-405)

    Corneal nerve regeneration after laser refractive surgery
    Yue Yu, Zhou Jibo
    2019, 43(6):  405-410.  doi:10.3760/cma.j.issn.1673-5803.2019.06.009
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    Dry eye disease is one of the most common complications after refractive surgery, which is highly associated with the postoperative corneal nerve damage. The regeneration of corneal nerve is a slow process. It was showed that even 6 months after surgery, the morphological characteristics of corneal nerve still could not reach the pre-operation level. The damage to the corneal nerve varies among different refractive surgeries. The mechanism of corneal nerve regeneration involve the cytokines secreted by keratocytes, the differentiation of keratocytes, the migration of lymphocytes and macrophages within the limbal vessels, the migration of neutrophils in the central corneal nerve plexus and the secretion of growth factors, etc. Some cytokines, semaphorin and autologus serum take part in this regenerating process. However, research on this topic were mostly animal experiment. Few of them were clinical researches.(Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2019, 43: 405-410)

    The relationship between normal tension glaucoma and blood perfusion in optic disc
    Zhou Rongyao, Qing Guoping
    2019, 43(6):  411-415.  doi:10.3760/cma.j.issn.1673-5803.2019.06.010
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    Normal tension glaucoma (NTG) is a special subtype of glaucoma, of which the pathogenesis is still not clear and the clinical course is asymptomatic and insidious. NTG is potentially blinding and responds insufficiently to current intraocular pressure (IOP) lowering therapies. NTG may be closely related to systemic hypotension, narrow systemic or local blood vessels, abnormal blood flow of the eye, decreased optic nerve head blood perfusion, and abnormal vascular regulation. We postulate that the pathogenesis of NTG is highly related to decreased blood perfusion to the optic nerve head and lamina cribrosa, which may result in compromised resistance of lamina cribrosa to normal IOP.(Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2019, 43: 411-415)

    Treatment for adenoid cystic carcinoma of lacrimal gland
    Liu Rui, Ma Jianmin
    2019, 43(6):  415-420.  doi:10.3760/ cma.j.issn.1673-5803.2019.06.011
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    Adenoid cystic carcinoma of the lacrimal gland is the most common malignant epithelial neoplasm of the lacrimal glands. It develops rapidly, spreads locally and metastases distantly. It has a high recurrence rate and mortality rate. At present, the main clinical treatment methods are surgical resection combined with particle 125I implantation and internal radiotherapy, surgical resection combined with external radiotherapy, surgical resection combined with radiotherapy and chemotherapy, and molecular targeted drug therapy, etc. The above comprehensive treatments has reduced the recurrence rate and prolonged the survival span of patients. At the same time we need to keep in mind the side effects of radiotherapy and chemotherapy.(Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2019, 43: 415-420)

    Research on pathogenesis and animal model of thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy
    Duan Chunqing, Sun Bin
    2019, 43(6):  421-425.  doi:10.3760/ cma.j.issn.1673-5803.2019.06.012
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    The etiology and pathogenesis of thyroid associated ophthahnopathy (TAO) is unclear．Due to the lack of animal models that mimic human TAO disease in a real sense, the research and clinical application of potential therapies based on new theories of pathogenesis are limited. In recent years, it is generally believed that overexpression of thyroid stimulating hormone receptor (TSHR) and insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor (IGF-1R), immune cells and cytokine activation response are the main synergistic factors that cause TAO. Environment and gut microbiome may induce the heterogeneity of immune response in TAO animal models. TSHR plasmid gene immunoelectric shock method established TAO animal model could lay the foundation for the study of TAO pathogenesis and therapeutic drugs.(Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2019, 43: 421-425)

    The progress of diagnosis and treatment for orbital inflammatory pseudotumor
    Tian Mi, Wang Ping
    2019, 43(6):  426-430.  doi:10.3760/cma.j.issn.1673-5803.2019.06.013
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    Orbital inflammatory pseudotumor (OIP) is a chronic non\|specific inflammatory disease originating from the orbit. It is a common orbital disease. The diagnosis of OIP relies on imaging and histopathology. The treatment mainly includes glucocorticoid, radiotherapy and surgery. In recent years, there are some new treatment methods for OIP, such as biological agents and doxycycline. There are also new breakthroughs in the selection of drug delivery methods and doses, such as intraorbital injection of small dose triamcinolone acetonide. The new progress of diagnosis and treatment for OIP is summarized in the current review.(Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2019, 43: 426-430)

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