Abstract: Refractory glaucoma is a group disorders with various types of glaucoma associated with very poor prognosis. Even though it has different surgical procedures with advantages and disadvantages to manage, however, the long-term outcome was still frustrating. Trabeculectomy with anti-metabolic agents, glaucoma drainage device implantation, and cyclophotocoagulation are the common surgical procedures for refractory glaucoma. So far, glaucoma drainage device implantation is regarded as the first-line choice. Individualized treatment strategiesare recommended according to surgical indication, cause and type of glaucoma, visual function, and ocular regional conditions. To improve surgical outcomes, promptly and appreciated managements of complications are also warranted.

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refractory glaucoma/therapy