Table of Content

25 May 2026, Volume 35 Issue 3

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Ocular routine: a new paradigm for systemic health monitoring and preventive medical examination

Wang Xingye, Liu Hanruo, Xu Jie, He Hailong, Wang Ningli, Ke Xin, Jin Zibing

2026, 35(3):  177-186.  doi:10.13281/j.cnki.issn.1004-4469.2026.03.001.

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 Currently, the medical diagnosis and treatment paradigm has transitioned from “disease-centered” to “health-centered”, and early screening and disease prevention have emerged as crucial strategies for tackling the global burden of chronic non-communicable diseases. As the sole anatomical structure in the human body enabling non-invasive and direct observation of the central nervous system and the overall circulatory status, the retina's latent value in the assessment of overall health is increasingly prominent. This article systematically reviews the research progress in quantifying retinal image features using artificial intelligence (AI) technology and elaborates on its role in the early warning, risk stratification, and auxiliary diagnosis of cardiovascular diseases, neurodegenerative diseases, metabolic diseases, kidney diseases, and hematological diseases. Based on this, this article innovatively proposes the concept of "eye routine", which is defined as a systematic health assessment system that integrates AI-driven multi-modal retinal image quantification analysis as the core and standardizes the integration of basic examinations such as visual acuity and intraocular pressure. Meanwhile, a "routine eye examination" system architecture has been established. Its implementation paths and application values in scenarios such as population screening, multi-disciplinary clinical diagnosis and treatment, and health management have been analyzed. The challenges it faces and its future development directions have also been discussed. The aim is to promote the gradual development of the "routine eye examination" into a standardized basic examination project similar to the "routine blood test", providing innovative solutions for strengthening the foundation of national health and achieving precise preventive medicine.

Liposuscin in retinal pigment epithelium

Huang Houbin

2026, 35(3):  187-196.  doi:10.13281/j.cnki.issn.1004-4469.2026.03.002

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Fundus autofluorescence imaging being used more and more widely, it is necessary to detailed review the associated fluorophore, lipofuscin. Due to the different sources of substances in phagocytosis and degradation, the composition of lipofuscin varies among different types of cells. This article focuses on the production, chemical composition, physical properties, pathological effects of lipofuscin in retinal pigment epithelium, as well as the generation of short-wavelength fundus autofluorescence related to lipofuscin. It is believed that systematical review and elaboration on each of these aspects are be of great benefit for in-depth understanding of short-wavelength fundus autofluorescence imaging.

Expression of serum anti-retinal antibodies in the autoimmune retinopathy and their association with clinical features

Huang Junkai, Liu Qian, Zhang Zijun, Cao Kai, Zhang Jingxue, Zeng Huiyang

2026, 35(3):  197-202.  doi:10.13281/j.cnki.issn.1004-4469.2026.03.003

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Purpose To investigate the expression of serum anti-retinal antibodies (ARAs) in a large cohort of patients with autoimmune retinopathy (AIR) and to explore their association with clinical features. Design Prospective comparative case series. Participants Patients with confirmed AIR, disease controls with retinitis pigmentosa (RP), and healthy controls. Methods  From September 2019 to February 2025, 148 clinically highly suspected AIR patients, 50 RP patients, and 59 healthy individuals presenting to Beijing Tongren Hospital were enrolled. Serum ARAs were detected using immunoblotting, including the total number of antibodies (band counts) and the presence of antibodies against recoverin, α-enolase, and carbonic anhydrase II (CA-II). Analyses were performed to compare ARA expression among groups and to assess correlations between ARAs and clinical features in AIR patients, including best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), central retinal thickness, visual field, and electroretinogram (ERG). Main Outcome Measures  ARAs, BCVA, central retinal thickness, visual field, and ERG. Results Serological testing verified that all 148 clinically suspected cases were positive for ARAs and were ultimately confirmed as AIR.  Except for α-enolase antibodies（P=0.0126）, there were no statistically significant differences in the total number of ARAs or in the antibodies against recoverin or CA-II between AIR patients and either disease or healthy controls (P value was 0.1780、0.1056 and 0.5476 respectively). Anti-α-enolase positivity was significantly higher in the AIR patients than in the disease (P=0.010) and healthy controls (P=0.018).The number and types of positive antibodies were not significantly associated with disease diagnosis. In AIR patients, recoverin and α-enolase antibodies were correlated with prolonged ERG a-wave implicit time (β=501.01，P=0.0001) and decreased central retinal thickness (β=-0.0401，P=0.013 ), respectively. Conclusions  Serum ARAs alone have limited diagnostic value for AIR and must be interpreted in conjunction with clinical features. Certain ARA subtypes may contribute to AIR pathogenesis and are associated with disease severity. 

Peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer thickness and myopia progression: a cohort study of mongolian adolescents in Hinggan League, Inner Mongolia

Wang Ziyao, Wu Xusheng, Pan Zhe, Chen Luxiao, Yuan Jixuan, Chen Xiaodong, Zhang Chun, Wang Yaxing, Zhu Dan, Li Xuemin

2026, 35(3):  203-208.  doi:10.13281/j.cnki.issn.1004-4469.2026.03.004.

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 Objective  To evaluate the association between baseline peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer (pRNFL) thickness and axial length (AL) elongation over a subsequent one-year period in adolescents. Design A prospective cohort study.  Participants  353 adolescents from Bayan Hushu, Hinggan League, Inner Mongolia. Methods  Standardized ophthalmological examinations were performed in May 2023 and September 2024. Participants were categorized into a rapid progression group (AL increase≥0.2 mm/year) and a non-rapid progression group. A robust linear regression model was employed to evaluate the longitudinal relationship between baseline pRNFL thickness and annual AL elongation. Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) with estimated marginal means (EMMs) was used to compare the baseline pRNFL differences between the two groups. Additionally, stratified analysis was performed based on baseline spherical equivalent (SE≤-3.0 D) to verify the robustness of these associations. Main Outcome Measures Independent associations between baseline global and sectoral pRNFL thickness and rapid AL growth over the following year. Results Among 353 participants, 93 were in the rapid progression group and 260 were in the non-rapid progression group. After adjusting for age, sex, baseline AL, and height, multivariate robust linear regression indicated that baseline pRNFL thickness in the temporal-inferior (TI) (β=-0.016, P=0.003) and temporal (T) (β=-0.014, P=0.009) sectors was significantly and negatively associated with annual AL growth. After adjusting for covariates, baseline pRNFL in the TI (146.97μm vs. 155.34 μm, P=0.001) and T (86.69 μm vs. 92.59 μm, P=0.009) sectors were significantly thinner in the rapid progression group. Stratified analysis confirmed that this predictive effect remained robust in the moderate-to-high myopia group. Conclusion Thinner baseline pRNFL in the TI and T sectors is independently associated with rapid axial elongation over the following year in adolescents, with this longitudinal association being more robust among those with moderate-to-high myopia. These findings provide new insights into the potential of pRNFL thickness as an imaging biomarker for identifying individuals at high risk of rapid myopia progression.

Combined OCTA and spectral-domain-OCT for assessing macular microcirculation and choroidal structure in high myopia 

Guan Xiaorong, Du Jing, Zhang Yu

2026, 35(3):  209-215.  doi:10.13281/j.cnki.issn.1004-4469.2026.03.005.

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  Objective  To investigate the clinical value of optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) combined with spectral-domain OCT (SD-OCT) in the quantitative assessment of macular microcirculation and choroidal structural changes in patients with high myopia, and to clarify the advantages of their synergistic evaluation and the correlations between various parameters and myopic maculopathy. Design Prospective case-control study. Participants A total of 50 patients (50 eyes) with high myopia (spherical equivalent ≤-6.00 D, axial length ≥26.5 mm) who visited the 969th Hospital of the Joint Logistics Support Force of the Chinese People's Liberation Army from January 2023 to December 2024 were included. Forty age- and sex-matched healthy individuals (40 eyes, refractive error ±0.50 D, axial length 22.0~24.5 mm) served as normal controls. The high myopia group was further divided into refractive subgroups (30 cases in the -6.00 D to -9.00 D group, and 20 cases in the <-9.00 D group) and lesion subtype subgroups [35 cases of simple high myopia, and 15 cases of myopic maculopathy, which included a choroidal neovascularization (CNV) subgroup of 7 cases]. Methods  All participants underwent OCTA (5 mm×5 mm scan) to detect superficial and deep retinal vessel density, choriocapillaris density, foveal avascular zone (FAZ) characteristics, and hemodynamic parameters. SD-OCT was performed to measure the subfoveal choroidal thickness (SFCT), choroidal layer parameters, and choroidal non-perfusion spot density. Independent sample t-tests and Chi-square tests were used to compare differences between groups. Spearman rank correlation was utilized to analyze the correlation among parameters, and partial correlation analysis was applied to evaluate the association between visual function and microcirculation parameters after controlling for refractive error. Main Outcome Measures  Microcirculation parameters (based on OCTA): superficial/deep retinal vessel density, choriocapillaris density, choroidal non-perfusion spot density, FAZ area, and morphological abnormality rate; Choroidal structural parameter (based on SD-OCT): SFCT; Clinical correlation indicators: best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA, LogMAR), macular ischemia index, and CNV detection rate. Results The superficial/deep retinal vessel density and choriocapillaris density in the high myopia group were significantly lower than those in the control group (all P<0.001), while the FAZ area, morphological abnormality rate, and choroidal non-perfusion spot density were significantly higher than those in the control group (all P<0.001). The SFCT significantly thinned with the progression of myopia severity [(215.34±32.15)μm in the -6.00 D to -9.00 D group vs. (168.76±28.45)μm in the <-9.00 D group, P<0.001)], and was significantly positively correlated with choriocapillaris density (r=0.412, P=0.005) and negatively correlated with BCVA (LogMAR) (r=-0.456, P=0.002). Compared with high myopia patients without CNV, the CNV subgroup exhibited lower deep retinal vessel density (19.87%±2.89% vs. 27.02%±2.65%, P<0.001), higher macular ischemia index (32.15%±5.12% vs. 18.67%±3.56%, P<0.001), greater choroidal non-perfusion spot density (0.92±0.31 spots/mm2 vs. 0.45±0.18 spots/mm2, P<0.001), and thinner SFCT (156.34±25.78 μm vs. 208.67±30.25 μm, P<0.001). The deep vessel density in the myopic maculopathy group was significantly lower than that in the simple high myopia group (22.15%±3.12% vs. 27.89%±2.34%, P<0.001), with a CNV detection rate reaching 46.67%. Conclusions  OCTA can non-invasively quantify the retinochoroidal vessel density, hemodynamics, and non-perfusion characteristics of the macular region in high myopia, whereas SFCT can accurately reflect the atrophic changes of choroidal anatomy. Their synergistic evaluation achieves a dual quantification of macular microvascular "structure-function," revealing the multi-level microcirculatory damage in high myopia more comprehensively than a single modality. The CNV subgroup presents with more prominent macular microcirculation impairments, suggesting that severe microcirculatory damage may be an essential pathological basis for CNV development. The combination of OCTA and SFCT provides comprehensive imaging evidence for the early screening, subtype differentiation, and severity assessment of myopic maculopathy.

Comparison study of cup-to-disk morphology in high myopia and glaucoma using a fundus camera optic nerve head analysis system

Ma Yingnan, Yang Wenli, Cao Kai, Wang Xin, Gao Fei, An Ying, Li Ran, Xu Jie, Zhang Jingshang

2026, 35(3):  216-222.  doi:10.13281/j.cnki.issn.1004-4469.2026.03.006.

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Objective  To analyze the cup and disc structure and morphology of high myopia and glaucoma using a fundus camera optic nerve head analysis system, and observe the differences in cup and disc structure and morphology characteristics. Design Retrospective case series study. Participants 85 highly myopic patients (85 eyes) and 29 patients (29 eyes) with a definite diagnosis of glaucoma who underwent fundus photography and optic nerve head analysis, were enrolled in this study. Methods All participants underwent intraocular pressure, fundus imaging examination, optic nerve head analysis system analysis, and ocular biological measurement. To compare the differences in ocular biological parameters and cup-disc related indices between the high myopia group and the glaucoma group, and perform correlation analysis. Main Outcome Measures Axial length, intraocular pressure, optic disc and cup related indicators, and ocular biological indicators. Results In the high myopia group, the intraocular pressure was 15.9 (14.0, 19.0) mmHg, anterior chamber depth was 3.25 (2.96, 3.40) mm, axial length was 27.1 (26.5, 27.6) mm, and pupil diameter was 5.48 (4.45, 6.67) mm. In the glaucoma group, the intraocular pressure was 23.9 (19.0, 26.0) mmHg, anterior chamber depth was 2.89 (2.67, 3.13) mm, axial length was 24.9 (23.9, 25.4) mm, and pupil diameter was 4.73 (4.16, 5.51) mm. The differences in all above parameters between the two groups were statistically significant (Z=-5.164, P<0.001; Z=-3.725, P<0.001; Z=-8.019, P<0.001; Z=-2.756, P=0.006). For optic disc related indicators, the glaucoma disc edge related indicators were smaller than those in the high myopia group in all regions, and the glaucoma group was significantly higher than the high myopia group in the main optic disc and cup indicators. Age, lens thickness, and average corneal curvature radius were negatively correlated with the rim width index in both groups, and positively correlated with some optic disc and cup indices, indicating that older age leads to thicker lenses, larger average corneal curvature radius, narrower rim, and deeper cup. The axial length is positively correlated with the volume of the optic disc, and negatively correlated with the volume of the optic cup and rim, indicating that the longer the axial length, the larger the volume of the optic disc, while the volume of the optic cup and rim are smaller. The intraocular pressure is positively correlated with the average depth of the optic cup. The higher the intraocular pressure, the deeper the optic cup. The highly myopic group with the narrowest edge of the disc is mainly distributed on the temporal side, while the glaucoma group is mainly distributed below and above the temporal side. Conclusions It was found that the cup area of glaucoma patients was generally larger than that of high myopia patients, and the axial growth of high myopia patients made the optic disc larger and the cup shallower. And there is also a difference in the distribution of the narrowest part of the disc between the two groups, which can more accurately distinguish high myopia and glaucoma, providing important basis for clinical differential diagnosis.

Efficacy observation of transepithelial photorefractive keratectomy (TransPRK) in treating refractive regression after small incision lenticule extraction (SMILE)

Zou Yang, Liu Qi, Wu Wanling, Liu Wei

2026, 35(3):  223-228.  doi:10.13281/j.cnki.issn.1004-4469.2026.03.007.

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Objective To evaluate the efficacy of transepithelial photorefractive keratectomy (TransPRK) in the treatment of refractive regression after femtosecond laser small incision lenticule extraction (SMILE). Design Retrospective case series. Participants A total of 20 patients (22 eyes) with refractive regression after SMILE who were treated at Ganzhou Aier Eye Hospital from January 2018 to January 2023. Methods All patients underwent TransPRK surgery using the AMARIS 500E excimer laser system, with the corneal visual center as the ablation center. After ablation, the cornea was rinsed with balanced saline solution at 0~4°C. Patients were followed up for 1 year postoperatively. Changes in uncorrected visual acuity (UCVA), refractive error, modulation transfer function cutoff frequency (MTF cut-off), Strehl ratio (SR), objective scatter index (OSI), intraocular pressure (IOP), and central corneal epithelial thickness were observed before surgery and at 1 day, 3 days, 1 week, 1 month, 3 months, 6 months, and 12 months postoperatively. Main Outcome Measures UCVA, refractive error, MTF cut-off frequency, SR, OSI, IOP, and central corneal epithelial thickness. Results Compared with preoperative values (UCVA: 0.33±0.10), UCVA was significantly improved at all postoperative follow-up time points (F=56.654, P<0.001), and refractive error was significantly reduced (F=68.112, P<0.001). At 12 months postoperatively, UCVA improved to 1.03±0.11 (t=20.05, P<0.001); refractive error improved from (-2.03±0.34) D to (+0.74±0.17) D (t=17.58, P<0.001); central corneal epithelial thickness increased from (52.80±1.54) μm to (60.83±2.11) μm (t=14.42, P<0.001); mean corneal curvature decreased from (44.42±1.43) D to (36.44±1.62) D (t=17.33, P<0.001). In terms of visual quality, at 12 months postoperatively, MTF cut-off frequency was (41.03±1.70) c/deg (t=18.06, P<0.001), SR was 0.33±0.08 (t=6.82, P<0.001), both significantly improved compared with preoperative values (32.20±1.54 c/deg and 0.20±0.04, respectively); OSI was 0.59±0.11, significantly decreased compared with the preoperative value of 1.27±0.11 (t=20.50, P<0.001). IOP was significantly decreased at all postoperative time points compared with preoperative values (F=20.102, P<0.001), but there were no significant differences among postoperative time points (all P>0.05). No severe complications such as corneal haze occurred in any patient postoperatively. Conclusion Transepithelial photorefractive keratectomy is safe and effective for treating refractive regression after SMILE surgery.

Construction and application of the information management system for corneal laser refractive surgery 

Liu Weijie, Zhou Wanli, Jiang Hongxiao, Cui Lele

2026, 35(3):  229-234.  doi:10.13281/j.cnki.issn.1004-4469.2026.03.008.

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Objective  To develop a management system for corneal laser refractive surgery to improve work efficiency, ensure medical quality and safety, reduce labor costs, enhance the satisfaction of medical staff, and deliver an optimal medical experience for patients. Design Before-and-after study design. Participants Using simple random sampling, 52 patients each were selected from the Refractive Surgery Center of the Eye Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University before and after the application of the system, serving as the control group and observation group respectively. In addition, 107 patients and 28 medical staff were randomly selected for satisfaction evaluation. Methods A project team was jointly established by the Refractive Surgery Center, Hospital Information Center and a Research and Development company to independently develop an information management system for corneal laser refractive surgery and apply it to clinical practice. The triage management module of the system recorded the duration of preoperative evaluation per patient and the duration of the same type of surgery per patient performed by the same surgeon. The perioperative management module of the system recorded the number of patients who arrived at the refractive surgery room on time throughout the process from hospital arrival and initiation of preoperative procedures to final entry into operation room. The triage management module of the system also recorded the completeness of key surgical data and the accuracy of medical data entry/import. These indicators were compared with those obtained under the manual management model before system implementation. Satisfaction surveys of patients and medical staff were conducted using self-designed questionnaires via the questionnaire retrieval module of the system. Main Outcome Measures  Indicators for evaluating work efficiency: duration of single preoperative evaluation, single operation duration, on-time arrival rate of surgical patients. Indicators for evaluating quality control and safety assurance: completeness rate of key surgical data, accuracy rate of medical data input or import. Indicator for evaluating cost control: number of full-time triage staff allocated. Indicators for evaluating doctor-patient experience: patient satisfaction and medical staff satisfaction. Results After application of the system, the mean duration of preoperative evaluation per patient was reduced from (176.87±18.74) min to (114.92±8.27) min (t=21.80, P＜0.001). The mean duration of the same type of surgery per patient by the same surgeon decreased from (8.37±0.65) min to (6.64±1.11) min (z=-7.21, P＜0.001). The on-time arrival rate of surgical patients increased from 50.00% to 80.77% (χ2=10.88, P＜0.001). The number of dedicated triage staff was reduced from 2 to 1. Additionally, patient satisfaction reached 96.26%, and medical staff satisfaction increased from 21.43% before implementation to 67.86% after implementation (χ2=12.21, P＜0.001). Conclusion The application of this system can effectively improve clinical work efficiency, ensures medical quality and safety, reduce labor costs, achieve a high level of patient satisfaction, and significantly enhance medical staff satisfaction, indicating its considerable value for clinical promotion and application.

The risk scoring models of emergency allergic conjunctivitis surges based on binary logistic regression and multi-index superposition

Wang Heng, Li Xu, He Yueqing, Zhang Ju

2026, 35(3):  235-241.  doi:10.13281/j.cnki.issn.1004-4469.2026.03.009.

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 Objective To establish risk scoring models for predicting emergency allergic conjunctivitis surges in urban Beijing each spring and to provide a quantitative tool for estimating medical risk. Design Retrospective study. Participants A total of 13 086 patients who presented to the Ophthalmic Emergency Department of Beijing Tongren Hospital for allergic conjunctivitis in March 2021 to 2025 were enrolled. Methods Associations between the emergency allergic conjunctivitis surges and pollen concentration, air quality index, fine particulate matter, inhalable particulate matter, maximum and minimum temperatures, date, precipitation, wind grade were analyzed by univariate analysis. Variables significant in univariate analysis were selected for a binary logistic regression model and a multi-index superposition model, with an average probability model serving as the control. The efficiency of the models was evaluated by threat score, probability of detection and false alarm rate. Main Outcome Measures Threat score, the probability of detection and the false alarm rate. Results Univariate analysis showed that the emergency allergic conjunctivitis surges were significantly correlated with precipitation (χ2=6.749), maximum (t=4.103) and minimum temperatures (t=3.705), natural logarithm of pollen concentration (t=9.043), and date (t=2.287) (all P<0.05); whereas wind grade (χ2=5.074), air quality index (t=-0.364), natural logarithm of inhalable particulate matter (t=0.506)and fine particulate matter (t=-0.952) were not significant (all P>0.05). In the binary logistic regression model, there was a statistically significant association between the emergency allergic conjunctivitis surges and the natural logarithm of pollen concentration (Wald=12.397), precipitation (Wald=7.978), and maximum temperature (Wald=3.868) (all P<0.05). The most important factor in the model was pollen concentration, followed by precipitation and highest temperature. At a cut-off of 0.3, the model achieved a threat score of 55.6%, a probability of detection of 66.7%, and a false alarm rate of 23.1%. The optimized multi-index superposition model incorporating the natural logarithm of pollen concentration, precipitation, and maximum temperature, yielded a threat score of 64.7%, a probability of detection of 73.3%, and a false alarm rate of 15.4%. Both the binary logistic regression and multi-index superposition models significantly outperformed the average-probability model. Conclusion Risk scoring models for the emergency allergic conjunctivitis surges can be established based on pollen concentration, precipitation, and maximum temperature, with the optimized multi-index superposition model reaching a detection probability of 73.3%. This model may inform daily health management and medical-resource preparation.

Questionnaire of medical humanities care satisfaction for elderly patients with intravitreal drug injection by medical social workers 

Han Shuangxue, Wei Wenbin, Wang Tong, Cheng Weizhen

2026, 35(3):  242-246.  doi:10.13281/j.cnki.issn.1004-4469.2026.03.010.

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  Objective To study the application effectiveness of medical humanities care for elderly patients with intravitreal  injection by medical social workers in a public hospital. Design Questionnaire survey. Participants A satisfaction survey was conducted in Intravitreal Injection Center of Beijing Tongren Hospital. Sixty-two elderly patients who visited Intravitreal Injection Center in March 2025 (after social workers' intervention) were randomly selected as the observed group, and 91 elderly patients who visited Intravitreal  Injection Center in March 2024 (before social workers' intervention) were selected as the controlled group. Methods During the medical visits of elderly patients in the observed group, medical social workers led volunteers to provide medical humanistic care to patients, which included volunteers offering guidance, consultation, introduction of medical visit process, reading surgical notification letters, and assisting with putting on and taking off surgical gowns, etc. Medical social workers also conducted relaxation training for patients in need. The patients in the controlled group sought medical treatment by themselves without medical social workers helping. Artificial intelligence (AI) robots were used to process the telephone follow-up to assess the satisfaction of the patients. Likert scale was used to conduct a questionnaire analysis. The questionnaire involves 4 dimensions and 6 questions: medical procedures, medical ethics, medical quality and service time. Each dimension was rated on a scale of 1 to 5. Main Outcome Measures Satisfaction score. Results The score of the nurse's service satisfaction score of the observed group was 4.92±0.36, which significantly increased compared with that of the controlled group (4.68±0.71) (t=-2.550, P=0.012). The score of satisfaction with waiting time was 4.93±0.36, which significantly increased compared with that of the controlled group (4.81±0.54) (t=-2.851, P=0.005). The score of other personnel satisfaction was 4.96±0.18, which significantly increased compared with that of the controlled group (4.73±0.64) (t=-2.749, P=0.007). The score of overall satisfaction in the observed group was 4.82±0.29, which significantly increased compared with that of the controlled group (4.59±0.47) (t=-3.464, P=0.001). There were no significant differences in the scores of procedure smoothness, doctor's attitude satisfaction, and doctor's treatment level satisfaction between the two groups (all P >0.05). Conclusion Medical social workers and volunteers to jointly provide medical humanistic services to elderly patients with ocular fundus diseases can effectively improve the non-technical medical experience of elderly patients, reduce their difficulties in seeking medical care, shorten their waiting time, alleviate negative emotions, enhance their satisfaction, and improve their medical experience. 

Evolutionary characteristics of public welfare ophthalmology programs in public hospitals from 2014 to 2023

Zhou Chen, Mayinuer·Yusufu, He Jiachun, Liu Wu, Liu Wenya, Yang Xiaohui

2026, 35(3):  246-252.  doi:10.13281/j.cnki.issn.1004-4469.2026.03.011.

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Objective  To explore strategies for achieving sustainable and high-quality development of public hospital foundations in the context of the new era and the proposed Fifteenth Five-Year Plan. Design A case study. Participants An ophthalmic charitable foundation affiliated with a public hospital with a century-long disciplinary tradition and well-established academic strengths. Methods Quantitative analysis was conducted on the foundation’s operational data from 2014 to 2023, including direct expenditures on charitable activities, types and numbers of supported surgical procedures, and geographic distribution of offline outreach activities. Qualitative analysis was further performed in conjunction with relevant national policy contexts. Main Outcome Measures Composition of direct expenditures on charitable activities, changes in major categories of supported surgical procedures, and geographic coverage of offline activities. Results From 2014 to 2023, the annual direct expenditure on charitable activities showed fluctuations, with optometry and spectacle provision accounting for the largest share (35.62%). Over time, the expenditure structure gradually shifted toward health education and personnel training. Between 2015 and 2023, cataract surgery consistently remained the predominant procedure, with an average of 84 cases annually, followed by strabismus correction surgery, while other ophthalmic subspecialty surgeries were performed in selected years. Offline outreach activities were mainly concentrated in the northwestern and southwestern regions of China, with the highest frequency observed in Yunnan Province (15 events), followed by Xinjiang, Ningxia, and Inner Mongolia. Overall, the service model gradually shifted from treatment-oriented services to prevention- and capacity-building–oriented approaches. Conclusion Public hospital foundations should leverage their professional medical strengths while strengthening medical personnel training and health education initiatives. Targeted charitable programs should be implemented based on regional needs, and active integration into the national health development is essential for achieving sustainable and high-quality development.