Table of Content

25 September 2026, Volume 35 Issue 5

Previous Issue   

Reconsideration of autoimmune retinopathy: perspectives based on the 2025 American Academy of Ophthalmology new diagnostic framework

Zeng Huiyang

2026, 35(5):  353-358.  doi:10.13281/j.cnki.issn.1004-4469.2026.05.001

Asbtract ( 61 )   PDF (1462KB) ( 31 )  

Related Articles | Metrics

  Autoimmune retinopathy (AIR) is a rare, immune-mediated retinal degenerative disease that can lead to progressive vision impairment and even severe vision loss. Due to the lack of specific diagnostic indicators and the overlap of its clinical presentation with inherited retinal degeneration (IRD) and certain inflammatory retinal diseases, AIR is often misdiagnosed or underdiagnosed in clinical practice. Anti-retinal antibodies (ARA) are considered an important laboratory basis supporting the immune-mediated mechanism of AIR, but the clinical interpretation of their detection results remains controversial. The 2025 American Academy of Ophthalmology task force published a new diagnostic framework based on the "likelihood of disease", providing new insights for the clinical recognition and management of AIR. This article, combining this framework and the author’s long-term clinical and research experience, reconsiders and discusses the clinical identification, interpretation of antibody testing, diagnostic stratification, and treatment strategies for AIR. This article proposes that multimodal imaging is an essential tool for disease diagnosis; ARA testing remains an indispensable laboratory criterion but should be interpreted in the clinical context; clinical decision-making should be based on the overall assessment of disease progression and diagnostic likelihood, with treatment goals focused on stabilizing the disease and delaying further visual deterioration. The rational application of the new diagnostic approach and enhanced dynamic follow-up will help improve diagnostic accuracy and reduce overdiagnosis and unnecessary treatment.


Melanin in ocular fundus

Huang Houbin

2026, 35(5):  359-365.  doi:10.13281/j.cnki.issn.1004-4469.2026.05.002

Asbtract ( 67 )   PDF (1624KB) ( 30 )  

Related Articles | Metrics

Melanin in ocular fundus is mainly located in retinal pigment epithelia and choroidal melanocytes. Beingmainly derived from melanin, near-infrared fundus auto-fluorescence can be used to evaluate the functions of retinal pigment epithelia and choroidal melanocytes, because depigmentation is often an early sign of dysfunction in these cells. This article systematically reviews the types of melanin, the formation of melanosomes, the chemical composition and synthesis of melanin, its toxicological properties, photoprotective effects, changes with age, spectral characteristics and associated clinical applications. The purpose is to improve the understanding of near-infrared fundus autofluorescence imaging, which is of great benefit in the current era when genetic diagnosis and treatment of retinal pigment epithelium-related diseases are about to be widely carried out.


Clinical application of canalicular plugs

Su Ziyue, , Yu Xiaobing, Wang Zheng, Song Shuang

2026, 35(5):  366-369.  doi:10.13281/j.cnki.issn.1004-4469.2026.05.003

Asbtract ( 114 )   PDF (918KB) ( 24 )  

Related Articles | Metrics

 Candiculor plugs have advantages such as no foreign body sensation, good fixation, and aesthetic concealment, making them an important method for treating moderate to severe dry eye disease. Materials of candiculor plugs are mainly divided into non-degradable and degradable types. Degradable materials have become a research focus due to their good biocompatibility and no need for removal. However, they still face challenges such as short retention time and insufficient stability. In recent years, the function of candiculor plugs has expanded from simply physically blocking the lacrimal passage to serving as a carrier with drug sustained-release function. This provides a new therapeutic approach for chronic ophthalmic diseases such as glaucoma and dry eye disease. Despite broad prospects, current studies still have limitations including small sample sizes and short follow-up periods. This article reviews the material properties, clinical applications, and research progress of candiculor plugs, aiming to provide references for their further clinical application.

The preliminary study on the long-term image registration of 45° fundus photographs for the diagnosis of preperimetric glaucoma in patients with ocular hypertension

Wang Xin, Ma Yingnan, Xu Jie, Xie Yue, Li Ran, Gao Fei, An Ying, Zhang Xiaohui, Teng Yufei, Li Jianjun

2026, 35(5):  370-374.  doi:10.13281/j.cnki.issn.1004-4469.2026.05.004

Asbtract ( 48 )  

Related Articles | Metrics

 Objective To report the preliminary results of using long-term image registration of 45° fundus photographs for the diagnosis of preperimetric glaucoma in patients with ocular hypertension. Design Retrespective case series. Participants A total of 330 patients (330 eyes) diagnosed with ocular hypertension at the Ophthalmology Clinic of Beijing Tongren Hospital from January 1, 2015, to December 31, 2023. Method The data of PACS and electronic medical records of patients with ocular hypertension were reviewed. 330 patients with initial diagnosis of ocular hypertension, follow-up for more than six months, and with 45° fundus photography data were included. All patients were first subjected to baseline 45° fundus photography and regularly (every 3-6 months) followed up with fundus photography. We use image registration software developed in collaboration between Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology and Beijing Daheng Imaging Company to perform multiple fundus image registrations, and observe with flickering. The interpretation of all results was completed by the corresponding author. Focus on observing local or overall changes in the optic cup and rim, as well as changes in the position of small blood vessels near the boundary of optic cup. Main Outcome Measures The number of cases with morphological changes in the optic disc or retinal nerve fiber layer during image registration and the number of cases ultimately diagnosed with preperimetric glaucoma. Results Among 330 patients with ocular hypertension, The age at the final follow-up was (34.38±16.25) years (10-81 years). Follow up period was 48.73±40.79 months (6-292 months), with a follow-up frequency of 8.15±7.17 times (2-54 times). There were 140 males (42.4%) and 190 females (57.6%). 126 cases (38.18%, 126/330) were ultimately diagnosed with primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) or juvenile glaucoma (JOAG) through follow-up. Among them, there were 109 cases (86.5%,109/126) with varying degrees of enlargement of the optic cup in one or both eyes (displacement of small blood vessels within the optic disc or narrowing of the upper and lower disc rim), 19 cases (15.1%, 19/126) with varying degrees of reduction in the optic cup in one or both eyes, 5 cases (4.0%, 5/126) with localized RNLFD in the superior-temporal or inferior-temporal regions in one eye, and 7 cases (5.6%, 7/126) with first-degree relatives diagnosed with POAG or JOAG previously or during the patient's follow-up period. When diagnosing glaucoma, all patients (100%) had normal Humphrey field with 24-SITA FAST program testing. Conclusion In this retrospective case series, about one-third of patients with ocular hypertension were diagnosed with preperimetric glaucoma after long-term follow-up. The early diagnosis of preperimetric glaucoma is a long-term follow-up and dynamic assessment process. Registration and follow-up with 45 ° fundus images is a very useful diagnostic tool. The displacement of small blood vessels within the optic disc is an important diagnostic criterion.  


Changes in retinal ganglion cell complex thickness and retinal sensitivity following internal limiting membrane peeling in idiopathic macular hole patients

Chen Pengfei, Huang Ziqiong, Zhao Keren, Hao Yuhua

2026, 35(5):  375-380.  doi:10.13281/j.cnki.issn.1004-4469.2026.05.005

Asbtract ( 81 )  

Related Articles | Metrics

Objective To investigate the changes in retinal ganglion cell complex (GCC) thickness and retinal sensitivity after internal limiting membrane (ILM) peeling in idiopathic macular hole (IMH) patients, and to evaluate the impact of ILM peeling on the structure and function of the inner retina. Design Retrospective comparative case series. Participants A total of 24 IMH patients (21 females) who visited the hospital between October 2021 and December 2022 were included. Methods The patient's medical records were reviewed. The affected eyes were designated as the experimental group, while the contralateral healthy eyes served as the control group. All patients underwent PHACO+IOL+vitrectomy+internal limiting membrane (ILM) peeling+sterile air tamponade, with successful closure of the macular hole postoperatively. Best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) was recorded preoperatively and 3 months postoperatively. Spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) was used to measure the preoperative macular hole diameter and GCC thickness in both eyes 3 months postoperatively. Microperimetry-3 (MP-3) was employed to measure the macular mean sensitivity (MMS), central macular sensitivity (CMS), and retinal sensitivity in the 4°-12° sectoral regions of the experimental group preoperatively and 3 months postoperatively. The postoperative GCC thickness between the two groups, changes in retinal sensitivity in the experimental group before and after surgery, and the correlation between GCC thickness changes and postoperative retinal sensitivity were analyzed. Main Outcome Measures  BCVA, GCC thickness， MMS,CMS, retinal sensitivity in the 4°-12° sectoral regions. Results There were significant differences in GCC thickness among the four quadrants of the control group (F=20.444, P=0.000). The GCC thickness in the two nasal quadrants was significantly greater than that in the temporal quadrants, and the differences were statistically significant (both P=0.000<0.05). At three months postoperatively, the GCC thickness in the two nasal quadrants of the experimental group was significantly greater than that in the temporal quadrants (F=34.165, P=0.000), and the nasal GCC thickness was increased compared with that of the healthy eye (SN: t=-4.703, P=0.000; IN: t=-2.972, P=0.006). The GCC thickness in the inferior temporal quadrant of the experimental group was decreased compared with that of the healthy eye (t=2.247, P=0.034). Postoperative MMS and CMS were significantly improved compared with preoperative values (t=-7.346, -8.623, both P=0.000). There were no significant differences in mean retinal sensitivity across the four sectoral areas (4°–12°) before and after surgery (all P>0.05). No significant correlation was found between changes in GCC thickness in the four quadrants and the corresponding quadrant mean retinal sensitivity after surgery (all P >0.05). However, a potential trend was observed between thinning of GCC thickness in the inferior temporal quadrant and decreased mean retinal sensitivity (ρ=0.424, P=0.062). Conclusion The inferotemporal quadrant is the most susceptible region to mechanical injury during ILM peeling. Surgical manipulation in this area should be minimized to avoid repeated traction. Postoperatively, GCC thickness measurement should be incorporated into routine follow-up as a complementary indicator of ganglion cell damage, as visual acuity alone is insufficient to detect early structural changes.


Screening and analysis of perioperative stroke risk factors in patients with proliferative diabetic  retinopathy

Zhang Xifang, Tian Meng, Zhang Yuheng, Duan Xinrong, Wang Zhaoyang

2026, 35(5):  381-385.  doi:10.13281/j.cnki.issn.1004-4469.2026.05.006

Asbtract ( 108 )  

Related Articles | Metrics

Objective To evaluate systemic cerebrovascular risk factors in patients with proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) and emphasize the importance of perioperative stroke risk assessment. Design Retrospective comparative case series. Methods This study included 33 hospitalized patients who underwent vitreoretinal surgery for PDR at Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, between November 2021 and October 2022. A control group of 35 non-diabetic patients undergoing vitreoretinal surgery for other retinal diseases was also included. General demographics, cerebrovascular comorbidities, body mass index (BMI), estimated creatinine clearance rate (Ccr), and preoperative Essen stroke risk score were compared between the two groups. PDR patients underwent additional assessments, including carotid/vertebral/subclavian artery ultrasound, MRI, and MRA/CTA, to thoroughly evaluate perioperative stroke risk. Main Outcome Measures Assessing the risk of perioperative stroke through stroke risk factors. Results PDR patients had significantly higher rates of prior stroke history (P=0.045) and prior coronary stenting (P=0.016), as well as a significantly higher Essen Stroke Risk Score (P<0.001), but significantly lower Ccr (P=0.023). No significant differences were observed in hypertension (P=0.481), hyperlipidemia (P=0.179), or BMI (P=0.292). Preoperative cerebrovascular imaging revealed that 48.5% (16/33) of PDR patients had moderate (≥50%) intracranial arterial stenosis, including 5 without prior stroke. Additionally, 57.6% (19/33) exhibited carotid atherosclerosis with plaque, and 33.3% (11/33) had subclavian artery atherosclerosis with plaque. Conclusion PDR patients have a significantly elevated perioperative stroke risk compared to non-diabetic patients. The Essen stroke risk score provides a simple tool for initial risk assessment. For high-risk individuals, a comprehensive evaluation of cerebrovascular status is recommended. It is crucial to inform patients of these risks and implement proactive preventive and therapeutic measures to enhance perioperative safety.


Impact of posterior continuous curvilinear capsulorhexis on macular choroidal capillary vessel density and central macular thickness after cataract surgery

Zhai Xinran, Li Jiayu, Ma Gaoyang, Qin Na, Cao He, Ma Shuqi, Liu Yandong, Yang Hongyu, Zhang Yinbo, Li Ruifang, Shan Li, Liang Su, Zhang Yue

2026, 35(5):  386-392.  doi:10.13281/j.cnki.issn.1004-4469.2026.05.007

Asbtract ( 95 )  

Related Articles | Metrics

 Objective To investigate the effect of primary posterior continuous curvilinear capsulorhexis (PCCC) combined with phacoemulsification on postoperative choriocapillaris flow density (CFD) and central macular thickness (CMT) in the macular region. Design Prospective comparative case series. Participants A total of 100 patients (100 eyes) with age-related cataract who underwent phacoemulsification surgery. Methods Based on the intraoperative status of the posterior capsule during phacoemulsification, patients in whom polishing failed to remove posterior capsule opacification were assigned to the PCCC group (50 eyes), while those with removable posterior capsule opacification or without opacification were assigned to the control group (50 eyes). All patients underwent optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) examination preoperatively and on 1 day, 1 week, 1 month, and 3 months postoperatively. Main Outcome Measures Macular CFD and CMT. Results The CFD in the PCCC group was significantly lower than that in the control group at both 1 month and 3 months postoperatively (1 month: 59.18%±3.00% vs. 61.28%±2.86%, P<0.001; 3 months: 60.24%±3.29% vs. 62.98%±2.63%, P<0.001), and the CMT at 1 month postoperatively was significantly higher in the PCCC group than in the control group (267.58±15.66 μm vs. 255.80±15.90 μm, P<0.001). Correlation analysis revealed a significant negative correlation between CFD and CMT at 1 month postoperatively in the PCCC group (r=-0.319, P=0.024). Multiple linear regression analysis showed that the application of PCCC was an independent influencing factor for the change in postoperative CMT (β=-8.071, P=0.006). No clinically significant macular edema occurred in either group. Conclusion PCCC in patients with age-related cataract may lead to a slight decrease in macular CFD and a mild increase in CMT during the early postoperative period. However, these transient anatomical changes are primarily subclinical in nature. PCCC surgery demonstrates favorable short-term safety in patients with age-related cataract.

Analysis of multimodal ultrasound imaging characteristics of circumscribed choroidal hemangioma

Chen Wei, Yang Wenli, Li Dongjun, Wang Ziyang, Li Yifeng, Cui Rui, Shen Lin

2026, 35(5):  393-398.  doi:10.13281/j.cnki.issn.1004-4469.2026.05.008

Asbtract ( 103 )  

Related Articles | Metrics

Objective To summarize the multimodal ultrasound imaging characteristics of circumscribed choroidal hemangioma (CCH), including two-dimensional ultrasound, color Doppler flow imaging, elastosonography, and contrast-enhanced ultrasound, and explore their significance in the diagnosis and differential diagnosis of CCH. Design Retrospective case series. Participants A total of 99 patients (100 eyes) with CCH were selected from the Department of Ophthalmology, Beijing Tongren Hospital from June 2016 to October 2024. Methods The multi-mode ultrasound imaging of CCH in all cases was retrospectively analyzed, including the image characteristics of two-dimensional ultrasound, color Doppler flow imaging, elastosonography and contrast-enhanced ultrasound. The detection rates of different positions and shapes of the tumor, internal echoes, special acoustic signs and blood flow signals in the tumor were counted. The tumor basal diameter and height were counted, and the height to base ratio was calculated. The elasticity score distribution of the tumors and the time-intensity curve of contrast agents in the tumors were analyzed. Main Outcome Measures Two dimensional ultrasound: location, shape, size, internal echo and special acoustic signs of CCH; Color Doppler flow imaging: blood flow in the tumor; Elastosonography: elasticity score of the tumor; Contrast enhanced ultrasound: time-intensity curve of contrast agent in tumor. Results The average age of 99 cases was (46.81±12.63) years old, including 61 males (62 eyes). Two dimensional ultrasound showed that 55% (55/100) of the tumors were located in the temporal side of the optic disc, accounting for the most. The tumors were all hemispherical in shape, 100% (100/100), 85% (85/100) had similar or higher echo than adjacent orbital tissue, and 95% (95/100) were uniform echo. No special acoustic signs such as hollowing out sign and choroidal excavation sign were found in all tumors. The diameter of the tumor base was (10.12±2.29) mm, the height was (3.47±1.25) mm, and the ratio of height to base was 0.34±0.06. The detection rate of secondary retinal detachment was 69% (69/100). Color Doppler flow imaging showed that blood flow signals were visible in all tumors, and 87% (87/100) of the tumors showed relatively rich blood flow signals. Elastosonography showed that the average elasticity score of tumors was 2.00±0.51, and 11% (11/100), 80% (80/100), 7% (7/100) and 2% (2/100) were scored 1, 2, 3 and 4, respectively. Contrast-enhanced ultrasound showed that the time-intensity curves of all tumors were fast-in and slow-out. Conclusion The ultrasound manifestations of CCH are mostly hemispherical solid protrusions, with uniform and higher echo. Color Doppler flow imaging often shows rich blood flow signals in the tumors, and the elasticity score is usually <3. Circumscribed choroidal hemangioma has a fast-in and slow-out time-intensity curve of contrast-enhanced ultrasound. The application of multimodal ultrasound imaging has important clinical value in the diagnosis and differential diagnosis of CCH.

Refractive changes and associated factors after WaveLight EX500 excimer laser phototherapeutic keratectomy

Hu Xiaodan, Zhang Qingwei, Li Shang, Zhai Changbin, Jie Ying

2026, 35(5):  399-404.  doi:0.13281/j.cnki.issn.1004-4469.2026.05.009

Asbtract ( 7 )  

Related Articles | Metrics

 Objective To evaluate refractive changes and associated factors after phototherapeutic keratectomy (PTK) using the WaveLight EX500 excimer laser. Design Retrospective case series. Participants 11 Patients (14 eyes) who underwent PTK using the WaveLight EX500 excimer laser at the Department of Ophthalmology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, between April 2023 and April 2024. Methods The patient's medical records were reviewed. The associations between ΔSEQ and clinical variables, including ablation depth (AD), optical zone (OZ), and other factors, were analyzed. Multivariate linear regression was performed to identify independent predictors of refractive change. Main Outcome Measures The change in spherical equivalent (SEQ)at 3 months postoperatively (ΔSEQ). Results The mean AD in all 11 patients (14 eyes) was 41.50±30.68 μm, and the mean OZ was 6.75±0.91mm. At 3 months postoperatively, the SEQ changed from -1.77±3.17 D to -2.37±3.35 D， with ΔSEQ of -0.60±1.06 D, indicating a trend toward myopic shift; however, the difference in SEQ between preoperative and postoperative measurements was not statistically significant (P=0.054). Correlation analysis showed a significant association between ΔSEQ and AD (r=-0.733, P=0.003), while no significant correlations were found with OZ, age, preoperative central corneal epithelial thickness, or preoperative SEQ. Multivariate linear regression demonstrated that both AD and OZ were independently associated factors of ΔSEQ (both P<0.05). The regression equation was: ΔSEQ=-2.739-0.033×AD+0.521×OZ, with good model fit (R2=0.687). No postoperative complications were observed during follow-up. Conclusion The spherical equivalent decreased at 3 months after PTK using the WaveLight EX500 excimer laser, indicating an overall trend toward a myopic shift. Ablation depth and optical zone diameter were independently associated with postoperative refractive change, with greater ablation depth associated with a greater myopic shift and a larger optical zone associated with a smaller magnitude of myopic shift.

Correlation between corneal higher order aberrations changes induced by orthokeratology lens and myopia control

Ren Jie, Jia Nan, Liu Yang, Guo Tingting, You Yuxia,

2026, 35(5):  405-410.  doi:10.13281/j.cnki.issn.1004-4469.2026.05.010

Asbtract ( 63 )  

Related Articles | Metrics

 Objective To explore the changes of corneal higher order aberrations（HOAs） and their correlation with axial length changes after wearing orthokeratology(OK) lens. Design  Prospective case series. Participants A total of 118 children with moderate-low myopia , 219 eyes, from Beijing Aier New Vision Eye Clinic were included. Methods Vision acuity、corneal high-order aberrations, corneal topography and axial length were examined before(baseline) and at 1 day, 1week, 1 month, 3 months, 6 months and 1 year after overnight wearing OK lenses. Coordinates of the optical treatment zone center and pupil center were obtained from corneal topography to calculate lens decentration magnitude. The changes of corneal high-order aberrations at different time before and after wearing OK lens were compared by one-way repeated measures ANOVA, and the correlation between the changes of corneal high-order aberrations and the changes of axial length was analyzed by Spearman correlation analyses and regression analysis. Main Outcome Measures corneal high-order aberrations, spherical aberration, trefoil, vertical coma, horizontal coma and axial length. Results At 12-month follow-up, the total higher-order aberrations, spherical aberration, trefoil and horizontal coma of cornea were significantly increased (P<0.05). There was no significant difference in vertical coma before and after wearing glasses (P=0.869). The change of horizontal coma was related to the decentration of the lens (r=0.181, P=0.010). The total corneal high-order aberration, spherical aberration and horizontal coma in the moderate myopia group were significantly higher than those in the low myopia group at each time point after wearing orthokeratology lens (P<0.05). Linear regression analysis showed that the increase of axial length was related to age and baseline spherical diopter(R2=0.298, P<0.001), and had no significant correlation with the change of corneal higher-order aberrations. Conclusions At 12 month after OK lens wear，the total higher-order aberrations, spherical aberration, trefoil and horizontal coma of the cornea increased significantly, while the vertical coma did not change significantly. The change of horizontal coma is related to the off-center amount of the lens. The increase of axial length was related to the initial age and the diopter before wearing OK lens. For children with moderate mypoia, attention should be paid to the higher corneal HOAs after lens wear. However, corneal HOAs alone cannot predict the rate of axial length progression; age, baseline refraction and the dynamic changes in axial length itself should still be monitored.


Trend analysis of temporal changes in the burden of foreign body in eye in China based on the Global Burden of Disease database from 1990 to 2023 

Zhang Chengsen, Gou Xiaomei, Han Dan, Li Wei, Song Zhaowei

2026, 35(5):  411-415.  doi:10.13281/j.cnki.issn.1004-4469.2026.05.011

Asbtract ( 96 )  

Related Articles | Metrics

Objective To analyzes the changing trends in the disease burden of intraocular foreign bodies in China based on the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) database from 1990 to 2023. Design Descriptive epidemiological study. Participants Data on the incidence and disability-adjusted life years (DALY) of intraocular foreign bodies in China from 1990 to 2023, derived from the GBD 2023 study. Method Incidence and DALY data for intraocular foreign bodies in China were extracted from the GBD Study 2023 database. JoinPoint software was used to calculate the annual percentage change (APC) and average annual percentage change (AAPC) with their 95% confidence intervals (CI) to assess the temporal trends in disease burden from 1990 to 2023. Main Outcome Measure Age-standardized incidence rate, age-standardized DALY rate, APC, AAPC. Result From 1990 to 2023, the age-standardized incidence rate of intraocular foreign bodies in China showed a fluctuating trend. The age-standardized DALY rate changed markedly, with a substantial improvement during 2002-2010 (APC=-12.45%), followed by a significant rebound during 2010-2020 (APC=9.63%), while the overall trend showed a decline with an average annual decrease of -0.25% (P=0.08). Both the age-standardized incidence rate and age-standardized DALY rate in China were consistently higher than the global levels throughout 1990-2023. The peak incidence and DALY rates in both 1990 and 2023 occurred in the 45~54 age group. In 2023, the incidence rate in age groups under 60 years was lower than that in 1990, whereas the incidence rate in age groups over 60 years was higher than that in 1990. The DALY rate in 2023 was consistently lower than that in 1990, and DALY rates showed a declining trend across all age groups from 1990 to 2023. From 1990 to 2023, both the incidence and DALY rates for intraocular foreign bodies were higher in males than in females, with the mean DALY rate in males (approximately 9.2 per 100,000) being approximately 4.8 times that in females (approximately 1.9 per 100,000). Conclusion Secondary analysis based on GBD data shows that the overall disease burden of intraocular foreign bodies in China showed a decreasing trend from 1990 to 2023. However, as a labor-intensive country with a large population base, China still bears a relatively heavy disease burden. Priority should be given to middle-aged and elderly males in high-risk occupational settings, and active preventive measures should be taken to further reduce the disease burden of intraocular foreign bodies.


Song Wei, Hou Jin, Yin Hang, Ma Zhangfang, Fu Yuqing, Sha Ying, Li Yue

Construction and application of the ideological and political case library for the ophthalmic nursing course

2026, 35(5):  416-421.  doi:10.13281/j.cnki.issn.1004-4469.2026.05.012

Asbtract ( 51 )  

Related Articles | Metrics

Objective To construct a case library for ideological and political education in ophthalmic nursing courses and evaluate its application effect in undergraduate nursing teaching. Design Teaching research. Participants Twenty-three nursing undergraduate students from the 2024 cohort of Capital Medical University. Methods Cases were collected from 85 hospitals nationwide through the Ophthalmic Nursing Committee of the Chinese Nursing Association. After two rounds of expert review, a standardized case library was constructed. The cases were integrated with the 16 chapters of the textbook to create a three-dimensional mapping table. Narrative teaching, problem-based learning (PBL), and team-based learning (TBL) were used for six months of teaching. Self-designed questionnaires were used to evaluate students' cognitive level of ideological and political education and the effectiveness of the teaching course. Main Outcome Measures Total score of students' evaluation of ideological and political education teaching; Pre-class and post-class scores of students' cognitive level of ideological and political education. Results A total of 188 case library construction submissions were received, and 116 cases were ultimately included (inclusion rate 61.7%), covering 12 types of eye diseases, including cataract, glaucoma, and retinal diseases. Ideological and political elements covered 7 major categories, including human caring (32 cases), professional accomplishment (24 cases), and scientific and technological innovation (18 cases). In 23 questionnaires, the total score of students' evaluation of ideological and political education teaching was (88.25±9.46). The average cognitive score for ideological and political education increased from (2.29±0.53) before class to (4.28±0.59) after class. Conclusion The systematically constructed case library for ideological and political education in ophthalmic nursing courses is rich in resources and clearly structured. When combined with diversified teaching methods, it received high teaching evaluations from students and significantly improved their cognitive level of ideological and political education, providing a feasible reference for the construction of ideological and political education in nursing courses.