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Mechanism and clinical application of tacrolimus in treatment of dry eye disease Zhang Zijie, Jia Zhe, Zhao Shaozhen International Review of Ophthalmology    2022, 46 (4): 318-323.   DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1673-5803.2022.04.005 Abstract （774）            Knowledge map    Save Dry eye disease (DED) is widely believed that immune-related inflammation plays an important role in its pathogenesis. Tacrolimus (FK506) has a certain therapeutic effect on ocular inflammation in dry eye by inhibiting calcineurin or MAPK pathway in T lymphocytes, NF-κB pathway in ocular surface cells, and apoptosis of ocular surface cells. Currently, studies on the topical use of tacrolimus in the treatment of dry eye have focused on dry eye with systemic immune diseases, including chronic graft-versus-host disease, Sjgren's syndrome, cicatoid pemphigoid, Steven-Johnson syndrome, etc.(Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2022, 46:  318-323) Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of menopause on dry eye in women Wang Yatong, Zhang Lei, Gao Honglian International Review of Ophthalmology    2023, 47 (1): 58-61.   DOI: 10.3760/ cma.j.issn.1673-5803.2023.01.011 Abstract （700）            Knowledge map    Save Dry eye is a multifactorial ocular surface disease that causes ocular pain, discomfort and vision loss, which seriously affects the quality of life of patients.Female is an important risk factor for dry eye, especially menopausal and postmenopausal women, suggesting that changes in level of sex hormone play an important role in the pathogenesis of dry eye. Sex hormones (estrogen, progesterone and androgen) affect the production of all components of tear, including water, lipids and mucins.Various mechanisms such as reduced level of sex hormone, altered feedback mechanisms, and changes in receptor receptivity interact to alter ocular surface homeostasis, resulting in dry eye. Several studies have shown the potential role of menopausal hormone therapy in dry eye among the menopausal and postmenopausal women. (Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2023, 47: 58-61) Related Articles | Metrics

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Tear osmolarity and dry eye disease Fang Zijie, Zhang Chen, Zhao Shaozhen International Review of Ophthalmology    2022, 46 (6): 559-565.   DOI: 10.3760/ cma.j.issn.1673-5803.2022.06.015 Abstract （589）            Knowledge map    Save Increased tear osmolarity is the prominent manifestation and core mechanism of dry eye disease. It can be measured by a variety of methods such as measurements upon electric impedance. Tear osmolarity fluctuates in a certain range which affected by self and environmental factors. The alteration of tear osmolarity is closely related to dry eye disease caused by multiple reasons. Increased tear osmolarity would cause inflammatory response, cell autophagy and oxidative stress.  Tear osmolarity provides more ideas for exploring the pathogenesis and treatment effect of dry eye. (Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2022, 46:  559-565) Related Articles | Metrics

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Diagnosis and treatment of orbital schwannoma Wang Weiqi, Ma Jianmin International Review of Ophthalmology    2022, 46 (3): 283-288，封三.   DOI: 10.3760/ cma.j.issn.1673-5803.2022.03.016 Abstract （522）            Knowledge map    Save Orbital neurilemmoma is one of the most common orbital tumors and commonly presents as proptosis. Typical schwannoma are mainly composed of alternately distributed AntoniA and AntoniB tumor cells, most of which are AntoniA tumor cells. MRI was taken as the first choice on clinical diagnosis, and CT examination as accessory examnation, the latter mainly observing the tumor's effect on the surrounding bone mass.Histopathological examination is the gold standard for diagnosis.Attention needs to be paid to the differential diagnosis with cavernous hemangioma, malignant orbital schwannoma and so on. The most effective treatment is still surgery, and optimal treatment has not yet been found. (Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2022, 46: 283-288, cover III) Related Articles | Metrics

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Advance in the study of expulsive suprachoroidal hemorrhage Huang Yi, Hu Haijian, Zhang Xu International Review of Ophthalmology    2022, 46 (6): 522-527.   Abstract （504）            Knowledge map    Save Expulsive suprachoroidal hemorrhage (ESCH) is a rare,  but one of the most severe and frightening complication of intraocular surgery. It may involve the ciliary body,  vitreous,  and retina,  and can cause complete loss of vision. The pathogenesis of ESCH is unclear,  but it is related to choroid tissue composition and blood supply. Previous studies have shown that one of the most important triggers of ESCH is the sudden drop of intraocular pressure,  which often occurs during and after cataract surgery,  glaucoma surgery and vitrectomy.B-scan ultrasonography can diagnose ESCH and observe the degree of coagulation in the suprachoroidal space,  which helps to determine the timing of surgery. Surgery is the most important treatment for ESCH, early suprachoroidal drainage can save the remaining vision,  but the effectiveness of different drainage methods is controversial. ESCH can be effectively avoided by paying attention to the management of risk factors before surgery,  careful operation during surgery and timely detection of suprachoroidal hemorrhage (SCH). (Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2022, 46:  522-527) Related Articles | Metrics

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Research progress of tafluprost eye drops in the treatment of glaucoma Sun Longyan, Shi Yan, Fan Zhigang International Review of Ophthalmology    2023, 47 (3): 193-202.   DOI: 10.3760/ cma.j.issn.1673-5803.2023.03.001 Abstract （494）      PDF（pc） （2089KB）（873）       Knowledge map    Save Tafluprost is a prostaglandin analogue (PGA) with strong FP receptor affinity, which was first reported in 2003. Whereafter, Tafluprost eye drops, as the first originally developed preservative-free PGA agent, came on the market, and has been used as the first-line drug in the treatment of open-angle glaucoma and ocular hypertension. The unique difluoride atomic structure gives tafluprost stronger metabolic stability, making it perform similar efficacy with a lower concentration compared to other PGA. A large number of clinical studies on tafluprost eye drops have confirmed its effect of reducing intraocular pressure, and the adverse reactions occur less and to a lesser degree. In addition to reducing intraocular pressure, tafluprost is considered to have other pharmacological effects, including ocular blood flow improvement and optic nerve protection, as well as a protective effect on other ocular tissues. Recent clinical trials have begun to focus more on the evaluation of the safety of preservative-free tafluprost eye drops, especially for the ocular surface condition. In 2022, the preservative-free tafluprost eye drops (Tapros) were marketed in China. This article will review the pharmacological mechanism and pharmacokinetics of tafluprost, and discuss its clinical efficacy, safety, and tolerability of preservative-free tafluprost eye drops to provide clinical guidance. (Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2023, 47: 193-202) Related Articles | Metrics

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Pilomatricoma of the eyelid Ma Qiannan, Ma Jianmin, Ding Yi International Review of Ophthalmology    2022, 46 (6): 571-576.   DOI: 10.3760/ cma.j.issn.1673-5803.2022.06.017 Abstract （476）            Knowledge map    Save Eyelid pilomatricoma is a benign tumor originating from the stromal cells of the skin follicle and presents primarily as a painless, firm lump, typically composed of basophils cells, shadow cells and transitional cells. The clinical presentation is complex and variable, and the rate of misdiagnosis is relatively high. It is important to note that this disease needs to be distinguished from sebaceous cysts and eyelid hemangiomas from each other. Ultrasound examination is an important method for diagnosing this disease, and histopathology is the "gold standard" for diagnosing this disease. The treatment is mainly surgical resection with a good postoperative prognosis,and optimal treatment has not been found. (Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2022, 46:  571-576) Related Articles | Metrics

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Corneal epithelial thickness changes after refractive surgery and related influencing factors Yang Fan, Yang Liu, Huang Yue International Review of Ophthalmology    2023, 47 (1): 53-57.   DOI: 10.3760/ cma.j.issn.1673-5803.2023.01.010 Abstract （443）            Knowledge map    Save Human corneal epithelium has strong ability to remodel itself. When the corneal surface is irregular, the corneal epithelium will reshape the cornea in the form of thickening to a certain extent. The corneal surface changes after corneal laser surgery, which will stimulate the rearrangement of corneal epithelial cells, showing the change of corneal epithelial thickness. The epithelial remodeling is related to surgical procedure, refractive error correction, laser ablation depth and area. Transepithelial photorefractive keratectomy (Trans-PRK) showed obvious epithelial thickening one month after operation, and the thickening area was mainly in the peripheral area; femtosecond laser-assisted in situkeratomileusis (FS-LASIK) and femtosecond laser small incision lenticule extraction (SMILE) showed obvious thickening one week after operation. The difference is that FS-LASIK thickening area is mainly the para-central area, while SMILE thickening area is the peripheral area. The influence of corneal epithelial thickness on postoperative visual acuity, postoperative diopter prediction and corneal refractive stability should not be ignored. (Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2023, 47: 53-57) Related Articles | Metrics

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International Review of Ophthalmology    2023, 47 (2): 169-.   Abstract （437）      PDF（pc） （680KB）（946）       Knowledge map    Save Related Articles | Metrics

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Pathogenesis and malignant transformation mechanism of IgG4-related ophthalmic diseases Yan Haihan, Ma Jianmin International Review of Ophthalmology    2023, 47 (2): 163-169.   DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1673-5803.2023.02.012 Abstract （431）            Knowledge map    Save IgG4-related ophthalmic disease (IgG4-ROD) is an occult-progressive disease characterized by IgG4 and plasma cell infiltration, mattostriate fibrosis, and occlusive phlebitis in tumor-like tissues. At present, the pathogenesis and malignant mechanism of IgG4-ROD remain unclear. After pathogen infection, the pathogen recognition receptor encoded by the innate immune recognition germ line activates B cells, and promotes the activation and class switch to IgG4 of B cells with the assistance of Tfh cells, resulting in the infiltration of IgG4 in tissues. B cells activate cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) cells, which together with CTL cells promote fibrosis. IgG4-ROD can malicious change into mucosa associated lymphoid tissue type (MALT),  immunity and inflammation may be involved in the pathogenesis.(Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2023, 47: 163-169) Related Articles | Metrics

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Ocular abnormities after COVID-19 vaccination Gao Min, Sun Xuguang , Xiao Yang International Review of Ophthalmology    2022, 46 (5): 385-390.   DOI: 10.3760/ cma.j.issn.1673-5803.2022.05.001 Abstract （416）      PDF（pc） （756KB）（675）       Knowledge map    Save Vaccination remains one of the most effective interventions in human history against different viral infections. Definitly the benefits of the COVID-19 vaccine in preventing COVID-19 are well established. Reports of ocular adverse effects after COVID-19 vaccinations have emerged simultaneously. The ocular adverse effects may appear on the eyelid, cornea and sclera, retina, uvea, nerve and vessel. Clinical manifestations include keratitis, uveitis, retinitis, nerve palsy and vascular obstruction. The review summarizes ocular adverse effects possibly associated with COVID-19 vaccination，in order to raise our concern for the ocular manifestations after COVID-19 vaccination. (Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2022, 46: 385-390) Related Articles | Metrics

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Ocular features and treatment of Goldenhar syndrome A Tingxi, Fu Yao International Review of Ophthalmology    2022, 46 (3): 267-272.   DOI: 10.3760/ cma.j.issn.1673-5803.2022.03.013 Abstract （405）            Knowledge map    Save Goldenhar syndrome is a rare, congenital malformation syndrome characterized by dysplasia of structures driving from the first and second branchial arches. The etiology is complex and varied with the influence of genetic and environmental factors, but the specific pathogenesis is still poorly elucidated. The main manifestations are cranial and facial dysplasia, and other organs or systems may be involved. The ocular manifestations of Goldenhar syndrome are complex and diverse, involving the anterior segment, eyelid and appendages, posterior segment, extraocular muscle and orbit, among which epibulbar choristoma and upper eyelid coloboma are the most common abnormalities. Personalized treatment should be developed according to patients' conditions. Surgical treatment is the main treatment for ocular abnormalities. Early intervention is recommended for the sake of visual development and psychosocial health of patients. (Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2022, 46: 267-272) Related Articles | Metrics

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Pathogenesis of Terson syndrome International Review of Ophthalmology    2023, 47 (1): 42-46.   DOI: 10.3760/ cma.j.issn.1673-5803.2023.01.008 Abstract （396）            Knowledge map    Save Terson syndrome is an intraocular hemorrhage caused by intracranial hemorrhage, which is particularly common in patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage. At present, the specific pathogenesis of Terson syndrome is not clear, but the current mainstream pathogenesis is as follows: first, intracranial hemorrhage leads to increased intracranial pressure, and increased intracranial pressure leads to blocked retinal venous reflux, resulting in venous obstructive bleeding; the other is intracranial hemorrhage along the optic nerve sheath into the eye, causing intraocular hemorrhage. Recently, the lymphatic system from the intracranial to the eyeball has become a new research direction of this disease, providing another possibility for the pathogenesis of Terson syndrome and possibly a new way of thinking for other ophthalmic diseases. (Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2023, 47: 42-46) Related Articles | Metrics

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Evaluation of clinical severity in intermittent exotropia Luo Dan, Yu Xinping International Review of Ophthalmology    2022, 46 (6): 481-485.   DOI: 10.3760/ cma.j.issn.1673-5803.2022.06.001 Abstract （381）      PDF（pc） （1043KB）（744）       Knowledge map    Save Evaluation of the severity of intermittent exotropia is important to understand the progress of the disease and the determining of treatment. At present, it is mainly focus on three aspects: deviation amplitude, stereopsis and fusion control. The prism alternative cover test was routinely used to measure deviation amplitude, but sometimes the patient's maximum deviation amplitude not be obtained. By use of staring at 30 m visual markers, staring at outdoor visual markers, cover test and prism adaptation test, we tried to break the binocular fusion to get a greater degree of strabismus. Titmus stereopsis and Randot stereopsis were mainly used to measure stereopsis in clinic, but the results of the two methods were quite different, which was related to the design of stereopsis. In addition, binocular viewing glasses, measuring environment, viewing angle may affect the measurement results.Fusion control was assessed by Newcastle control score and Office control score,but both were significantly influenced by family subjectivity or patient compliance, the new LACTOSE control rating may be a more appropriate IXT control rating tool.In addition, the consistency of deviation amplitude, stereopsis and fusion control is poor, and the clinical judgment of the severity of patients also needs comprehensive consideration. Therefore, it is necessary to understand the characteristics and influencing factors of each evaluation method when interpreting the evaluation results of IXT. (Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2022,  46: 481-485) Related Articles | Metrics

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Research status of dome-shaped macula in high myopia Yao Ailin , Chu Yanhua International Review of Ophthalmology    2023, 47 (2): 131-137.   DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1673-5803.2023.02.007 Abstract （374）            Knowledge map    Save As a progressive pathological condition, dome-shaped macula (DSM) is characterized by an inward convexity or bulge of the retinal pigment epithelium in the macular region, with the bulge height over than 50  μm, which occurs mostly in patients with high myopia. The pathogenesis of DSM development remains unclear; several hypotheses have been suggested, such as tangential vitreoretinal traction, localized thickening of sclera and choroid in the macular area, and macular Bruch’s membrane defect. DSM is often accompanied by serous retinal detachment, choroidal neovascularization, macular splits and other complications, thus increasing the risk of visual impairment. Clinically, asymptomatic patients with DSM mainly take regular follow-up observation. When serous retinal detachment and significant visual impairment appear, treatment with half-dose photodynamic therapy, supplementary of laser photocoagulation or oral mineral corticoid receptor antagonists may have a beneficial effect. However, more large clinical studies are required to confirm the exact efficacy of these treatments. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) and related fundus image examinations provide objective evidences for clinical diagnosis. OCT can visually display the inward bulge of the macula and other changes associated with it. (Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2023, 47: 131-137) Related Articles | Metrics

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Visual impairment and visual rehabilitation after stroke Wang Xue, Wu Jun, Zhou Jinqiong International Review of Ophthalmology    2022, 46 (4): 370-377.   DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1673-5803.2022.04.016 Abstract （367）            Knowledge map    Save Visual impairment is the common complication of stroke, which can be manifested in three aspects: visual sensory impairment, visual dyskinesia and visual perception impairment. Visual impairment can significantly affect the visual perception and quality of life of patients, and hinder the overall rehabilitation process of the whole body. Visual sensory impairment includes visual acuity decline and visual field defects. The needs of visual function can be met through glasses and visual aids instruments. The rehabilitation means of visual field defects include alternative treatment, compensatory training and restorative treatment. Visual dyskinesia include strabismus and eye movement disorders, and their treatment include eye movement training, prism, covering, medicine and strabismus correction surgery. Visual neglect is the most common form of visual perception disorder, and its treatment include acupuncture and various modern rehabilitation methods. The effective treatment and rehabilitation of visual impairment provide good visual conditions for the whole-body rehabilitation of stroke patients. (Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2022, 46:  370-377) Related Articles | Metrics

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Intraocular lens power calculation formulas in eyes of previous corneal refractive surgery Yu Yangfan, Song Xudong International Review of Ophthalmology    2022, 46 (5): 460-464.   DOI: 10.3760/ cma.j.issn.1673-5803.2022.05.014 Abstract （350）            Knowledge map    Save Nowadays patients who got laser corneal refractive surgery years ago began to develop cataracts. Because of the cornea changes caused by the surgery, the traditional intraocular lens (IOL) formula is not applicable for producing large postoperative refractive errors. The error sources include the measurement error of the cornea anterior surface curvature radius, corneal refractive power, the axial length, and the position of the effective intraocular lens. The formulas that do not require preoperative data before refractive surgery, such as Hoffer Q formula, Barrett True-K formula, Shammas-PL formula, etc., can be applied on the patients who had undergone the laser corneal refractive surgery. The accuracy and predictability of the new generation IOL formulas based on ray tracing principles or artificial intelligence, including Olsen formula, EVO formula, Hill-RBF formula, Kane formula, etc., have been confirmed in the calculation of intraocular lens power in patients undergoing conventional cataract surgery. However, the application value of those new generation IOL formulas in the patients after laser corneal refractive surgery still needs further research to confirm.(Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2022, 46: 460-464) Related Articles | Metrics

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Application of micro-monovision in phacoemulsification combined with intraocular lens implantation for  presbyopia corrections of cataract Tang Tingting, Wan Xiuhua International Review of Ophthalmology    2022, 46 (6): 502-506.   DOI: 10.3760/ cma.j.issn.1673-5803.2022.06.005 Abstract （348）            Knowledge map    Save Micro-monovision is a modified monovision method, which is gradually applied to the cataract surgery. The micro-monovision design can meet the near-distance vision needs of different patients which can correct presbyopia and obtain high-quality binocular full-distance visual acuity during cataract extraction. A    mong the varied types of cataract surgery combined with intraocular lens implantation, micro-monovision has the advantages of high postoperative satisfaction and spectacle independence rate, low surgical cost and safe clinical application. Different types of intraocular lenses can use micro micro-monovision design to provide patients with more satisfactory visual quality. (Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2022, 46:  502-506) Related Articles | Metrics

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Advances on orbital solitary fibrous tumor Yan Haihan, Ma Jianmin International Review of Ophthalmology    2022, 46 (4): 378-384.   DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1673-5803.2022.04.017 Abstract （335）            Knowledge map    Save Orbital solitary fibrous tumor (SFT) is a rare tumor originating from perivascular multipotent mesenchyme and can occur in various parts of the orbit. Mass involving in the orbit and proptosis are the most common manifestations. The age of onset is 40-50 at most and there is no difference in incidence between men and women. A small percentage of orbital SFT patients may experience tumor recurrence and metastasis. The clinical and imaging findings of orbital SFT are mostly non-specific. The histopathological morphologic changes of orbital SFT are extensive and there are many subtypes. Immunohistochemical staining has high specificity. Surgical resection is the main treatment for orbital SFT, and close follow-up is very important. (Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2022, 46:  378-384) Related Articles | Metrics

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Direct measurement and intraocular distribution of intraocular pressure Ji Yiting, Lin Haishuang, Zhou Mengtian, Xie Yanqian, Liang Yuanbo International Review of Ophthalmology    2023, 47 (1): 1-5.   DOI: 10.3760/ cma.j.issn.1673-5803.2023.01.001 Abstract （323）      PDF（pc） （968KB）（816）       Knowledge map    Save Accurate intraocular pressure (IOP) measurement is crucial in eye diseases such as glaucoma. Direct measurement of intraocular pressure can avoid the influence of the cornea on the measurement accuracy and clarify the pressure in the posterior eye segment as well as the distribution of the pressure inside the eyeball. Safe and minimally invasive devices are currently available for the pressure measurement of the anterior chamber and the vitreous cavity. Pupillary block, aphakia and the changes in the composition of the vitreous cavity can affect the pressure distribution in the anterior chamber and the vitreous cavity. Performing intraocular pressure measurements can provide more information and new ideas for diagnosis and treatment of malignant glaucoma and other certain diseases. (Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2023, 47: 1-5) Related Articles | Metrics

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Roles of Th17 cells in pathogenesis of dry eye disease Sha Yongyi, Kong Xueqing, Xiang Minhong International Review of Ophthalmology    2023, 47 (1): 62-67.   DOI: 10.3760/ cma.j.issn.1673-5803.2023.01.012 Abstract （314）            Knowledge map    Save Dry eye is a common ocular surface disease in clinic, and patients show obvious immune homeostasis disruption. Th17 cells, one of the Th subtypes and producing interleukin-17 (IL-17), are widely present in the human body as important immune cells. They generate the iconic cytokines IL-17A, IL-17F, and IL-22. Transforming growth factor-β, IL-6, IL-21, and IL-23 can promote the differentiation of Th17 cells. Th17 cells play a particularly important role in the immune response of dry eye disease. In dry eye disease, the expression of Th17 related cytokines is increased, and the proportion of Th17/regulatory T cell (Treg) is increased. The migration of Th17 to the ocular surface can further lead to the occurrence and development of dry eye disease. Therefore, searching for Th17-related therapeutic targets may be a key factor in the treatment of dry eye. (Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2023, 47: 62-67) Related Articles | Metrics

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Optimization measurements and formulas of keratometry before Toric intraocular lens implantation 陈紫亮 饶惠英, International Review of Ophthalmology    2022, 46 (5): 437-442.   DOI: 10.3760/ cma.j.issn.1673-5803.2022.05.010 Abstract （305）            Knowledge map    Save Toric intraocular lens (IOL) implantation has become the preferred method for astigmatism correction due to its high safety and predictability. Corneal astigmatism includes anterior corneal astigmatism (ACA) and posterior corneal astigmatism (PCA). In the past, corneal astigmatism was evaluated solely base on ACA measurement, which will induce an overcorrection in the with-the-rule corneal astigmatism eyes and an undercorrection in the against-the-rule astigmatism eyes. Therefore the important contribution of the PCA to total corneal astigmatism (TCA) should not be neglected. IOL Master and Lenstar 900 show high predictive and repeatability for keralometry measurement. Some devices which can measure the total keratometry directly is theoretically more accurate than the simulated keratometry. It is suggested that the SimK measured by IOL Master or Lenstar, matched with Barrett Toric formula directly if SimK is consistent well with TCA. The choice in case of poor consistency between SimK and TCA remains controversial. When PCA≥0.8 D, the measured PCA is recommended. At present, ophthalmologists should make individual selection according to the measurement of diverse devices and patients' conditions to minimize the residual astigmatism.(Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2022, 46: 437-442) Related Articles | Metrics

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Application of adalimumab in non-infectious uveitis Peng Yu, Qiu Xinwen, Ye Bo, Chen Jiansu International Review of Ophthalmology    2022, 46 (4): 336-340.   DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1673-5803.2022.04.009 Abstract （303）            Knowledge map    Save Non-infectious uveitis (NIU) is a group of immune-mediated diseases with complex etiology and difficult treatment. Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) is the key pro-inflammatory factor in NIU. Adalimumab is a fully humanized monoclonal antibody targeting TNF-α, specifically binding to TNF-α and therefore blocking its induced downstream processes. Application of adalimumab in NIU including uveitis caused by Behcet's disease, Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada syndrome, ankylosing spondylitis-related uveitis, and children's uveitis can effectively reduce inflammation, the dosage of glucocorticoid, and the recurrence rate. Its safety has also been initially confirmed. Adalimumab is a suitable option for second-line treatment of NIU and shows great potential in the treatment of NIU. (Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2022, 46:  336-340) Related Articles | Metrics

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Advances of clear lens extraction surgery for primary angle-closure glaucoma Chen Dongjun, Wan Xiuhua International Review of Ophthalmology    2022, 46 (3): 207-210.   DOI: 10.3760/ cma.j.issn.1673-5803.2022.03.003 Abstract （303）            Knowledge map    Save The lens plays an important role in the pathogenesis of primary angle-closure glaucoma (PACG). It has been shown that cataract surgery on PACG could deepen the anterior chamber and widen the angle, thereby reducing intraocular pressure. In recent years, clear lens extraction surgery has been considered as a treatment for this type of eye disease. We reviewed the researches on clear lens extraction for PACG. Although clear lens extraction has significant  benefits for PACG, it is challenged in terms of technical dissemination and selection of indications. (Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2022, 46: 207-210) Related Articles | Metrics

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Research progress of macular fovea hypoplasia Bai Dayong, Zheng Panpan, Li Li International Review of Ophthalmology    2022, 46 (5): 465-470.   DOI: 10.3760/ cma.j.issn.1673-5803.2022.05.015 Abstract （301）            Knowledge map    Save The development of macular fovea can be divided into four stages: early embryonic stage, late embryonic stage, early stage after postnatal and mature stage. There are many factors which could affect the process of foveal development, such as foveal avascular zone, Müller cells and macular pigment. This process involves the bidirectional movement of inner and outer retinal neurons, involving ganglion cells, inner layer cells, photoreceptors and other cells. Foveal hypoplasia (FH) refers to the absence of both fovea pit and avascular zone. According to OCT images, the severity of FH is divided into 1~4 grades typical and atypical foveal hypoplasia, which is related to albinism, congenital aniridia, isolated central foveal hypoplasia and other diseases. Its pathogenesis is still unknown. (Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2022, 46: 465-470) Related Articles | Metrics

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Progress in detection and training of binocular stereovision Zhao Yiyang, Fu Jing International Review of Ophthalmology    2022, 46 (6): 486-491.   DOI: 10.3760/ cma.j.issn.1673-5803.2022.06.002 Abstract （301）      PDF（pc） （787KB）（781）       Knowledge map    Save Stereopsis detection has experienced the continuous evolution of depth gauge, pattern stereopsis and random dot examination. The traditional stereovision examination methods are represented by Titmus and synoptophore, but there are many problems such as high requirements for examination equipment and subjective factors. The combination of 3D display, mobile phone software and other technologies can reduce the examination requirements, increase patient compliance, and obtain a wide range of disparity and accurate examination values. Stereoscopic vision training has been developed from traditional synoptophore training to visual perception training and mixed training. Recently, virtual reality (VR) and other technologies have also been applied to visual perception training to improve patient compliance and obtain better training effects. There are many methods for detecting and training stereovision function, each of which has its own advantages and disadvantages. Clinicians should choose the appropriate method for patients and combine various methods to evaluate and train stereovision function of patients in a comprehensive way. (Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2022, 46: 486-491) Related Articles | Metrics

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Application of capsular tension ring in cataract surgery Chen Dongjun, Wan Xiuhua International Review of Ophthalmology    2023, 47 (4): 315-321.   DOI: 10.3760/ cma.j.issn.1673-5803.2023.04.005 Abstract （298）            Knowledge map    Save When there are anomalies in the zonules,the safety of cataract surgery is significantly compromised,leading to increased risks of vitreous prolapse,capsular rupture,residual lens cortex,and dislocation of the intraocular lens(IOL). The use of capsular tension rings(CTRs)and related intraocular devices allow ophthalmologists to maintain the stability of the capsular bag easily during complex cataract surgeries,enhancing the controllability of anterior segment procedures and reducing or alleviating intraoperative and postoperative complications. Moreover, they improves the prognosis of zonular anomalies related conditions. With continuous advancements in design and materials,the indications for capsular tension rings are expanding gradually. Especially for highly myopic patients,CTRs can effectively stabilize the position of the IOL,provide additional support to the relaxed zonules,inhibit migration and proliferation of residual lens epithelial cells,and improve patients' visual quality while reducing the incidence of retinal detachment post-surgery. (Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2023, 47: 315-321) Related Articles | Metrics

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Drug delivery system based on contact lenses and its application in the treatment of anterior segment diseases Wang Feng, Shao Yi International Review of Ophthalmology    2022, 46 (3): 236-241.   DOI: 10.3760/ cma.j.issn.1673-5803.2022.03.008 Abstract （295）            Knowledge map    Save Eye drop solutions are widely used by the ophthalmologist to treat the anterior segment eye diseases. However, eye drop solutions have many limitations including low bioavailability, high dose requirements, and poor patient compliance. Contact lenses are used to deliver the ocular drugs with high ocular bioavailability due to their immediate location to ocular surface. Based on the contact lenses, loading conventional drugs are used to explore the feasibility and potential to treat anterior eye disorders. Drug incorporated to the lens body is achieved with techniques, like simple soaking, inclusion of drug-loaded colloidal nanoparticles, or molecular imprinting. No matter what technique used, the key properties of the contact lens maintain unchanged, such as transparency and oxygen permeability. The drug delivery system based on contact lenses can effectively prevent and control ocular surface infection,promote corneal injury healing,treat allergic conjunctivitis,improve dry eye symptoms,and reduce intraocular pressure. It provides a new way for diagnosis and treatment of anterior segment disease. (Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2022, 46: 236-241) Related Articles | Metrics

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The pathogenesis and treatment of iridocorneal endothelial syndrome Ye Wenqing, Deng Yuxuan, Liang Yuanbo International Review of Ophthalmology    2022, 46 (3): 199-206.   DOI: 10.3760/ cma.j.issn.1673-5803.2022.03.002 Abstract （294）      PDF（pc） （1119KB）（804）       Knowledge map    Save The pathogenesis of iridocorneal endothelial (ICE) syndrome are dominated by the theory of viral infection and membrane theory of Campbell. And the theory combining the infectious of virus with integration of viral genes into human genome may provide new thinking. The present treatments of ICE syndrome are focus on corneal decompensation and secondary glaucoma. The endothelial keratoplasty is the main surgery for corneal endothelial decompensation and the attempt of artificial keratoplasty shows pretty good preliminary outcome. Secondary glaucoma is mainly treated by filtering glaucoma surgery while the explore of minimally invasive glaucoma surgery and glaucoma implant device in sulcus are started to treat secondary glaucoma of ICE syndrome. (Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2022, 46: 199-206) Related Articles | Metrics

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Current status of glaucoma patient management Si Zhibo, Zhang Chenchen, Zheng Yajuan International Review of Ophthalmology    2023, 47 (2): 110-115.   DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1673-5803.2023.02.003 Abstract （294）            Knowledge map    Save Lifelong follow-up is necessary for glaucoma patients. It is critical to manage glaucoma as a chronic disease. At present, there are different management strategies for glaucoma patients worldwide. In developed countries, hierarchical diagnosis and treatment system and supporting education are adopted to improve patients' treatment compliance. In recent years, the management of glaucoma patients in China has gradually developed from the tertiary hospital responsibility system to the mobile medical management mode, including disease screening, diagnosis and long-term follow-up.(Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2023, 47: 110-115) Related Articles | Metrics

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Cataract surgery and IOL selection in anterior segment dysgeneses Wen Yinuo, Jiang Yongxiang International Review of Ophthalmology    2022, 46 (3): 211-215.   DOI: 10.3760/ cma.j.issn.1673-5803.2022.03.004 Abstract （288）            Knowledge map    Save Anterior segment dysgenesis (ASD) is a group of diseases involving a variety of anterior segment tissue abnormalities, such as cornea, iris, lens and anterior chamber angle. Due to the special clinical signs such as deep anterior chamber as well as zonular weakness, it is difficult to implement incision, capsulorhexis and phacoemulsification safely. The selection of appropriate intraocular lens (IOL) and operation modes are taken more attention. Iris-claw IOL implantation may be more suitable surgical way for ASD patients. It is worthy of further research and exploration on how to choose individualized surgery according to the different characteristics of capsular bag in cataract patients with ASD in order to obtain better surgical efficacy. (Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2022, 46: 211-215) Related Articles | Metrics

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Biomarkers for the treatment effect of diabetic macular edema with anti-vascular endothelial growth factors Pang Shaofang, Yang Meng, Hu Bojie International Review of Ophthalmology    2023, 47 (2): 144-149.   DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1673-5803.2023.02.009 Abstract （286）            Knowledge map    Save At present, anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) drugs have become the first-line treatment for diabetic macular edema (DME), but there are still some patients with poor therapeutic effect. Numerous cytokines are involved in the development of DME and their expression levels change after treatment with anti-VEGF drugs, which may be relevant to the prognosis of DME. Baseline VEGF and monocyte chemotactic protein (MCP)-1 in aqueous humor and intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM)-1 and solutable VEGF receptor (sVEGFR)-2 after anti-VEGF treatment may serve as potential biomarkers to evaluate DME treatment. Imaging changes such as central macular thickness, macular volume, hyperreflective foci, subretinal fluid, vessel density and foveal avascular zone could predict and evaluate the therapeutic effect of DME. Therefore, understanding the baseline cytokine, post-treatment cytokine levels, imaging changes and the correlation among them is helpful to guide the personalized treatment of DME patients from different perspectives, explore the pathogenesis of DME and search for potential therapeutic targets for DME. (Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2023, 47: 144-149) Related Articles | Metrics

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A systematic review of diagnostic criteria for subclinical keratoconus Jiang Hanxiao, Xu Yesheng, Zheng Libin, Yao Yufeng International Review of Ophthalmology    2023, 47 (2): 97-103.   DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1673-5803.2023.02.001 Abstract （279）            Knowledge map    Save Objective  To identify the diagnostic criteria used for the terms subclinical keratoconus in published articles. Methods  This was a systematic review of all research on the use of the keyword "subclinical keratoconus" in PubMed, Cochrane Library, Embase database, CNKI, Wanfang Data Knowledge Service Platform and China Science and Technology Journal Database from January 2000 to March 2022. Two independent reviewers analyzed the data. The inclusion criteria for articles included that a sample size of subclinical keratoconus eyes was greater than 20 eyes, they contained the definition of subclinical keratoconus, and Newcastle-Ottawa Scale(NOS) was used to evaluate the quality of literature. Inclusion criteria for definition and examination technology used of the selected articles were then analyzed. Results  A total of 263 studies were included, of which 207 were excluded. Definitions for subclinical keratoconus included that the criteria of having keratoconus in the fellow eye was in 66.07% (37 of 56) of the articles. Lacking of any keratoconus-related findings/signs in the slit-lamp biomicroscopy was in 35.71% (20 of 56). Normal-appearing corneal on slit-lamp biomicroscopy, or keratometry, or retinoscopy, or ophthalmoscopy was in 33.93% (19 of 56). Conclusions  This review demonstrates the lack of unified criteria to define subclinical keratoconus. According to the literature review, the most common subclinical keratoconus definition used refers to an eye with keratoconus in the fellow eye and normal-appearing corneal on slit-lamp biomicroscopy.(Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2023, 47: 97-103) Related Articles | Metrics

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Charles Bonnet syndrome and its research advances Xu Yilin, Yuan Fei International Review of Ophthalmology    2022, 46 (6): 516-522.   DOI: 10.3760/ cma.j.issn.1673-5803.2022.06.008 Abstract （279）            Knowledge map    Save Charles Bonnet syndrome (CBS) is a kind of visual hallucination disease secondary to visual impairment. Patients generally have complete insight and no mental disorder. The prevalence of CBS is quite low, and it is more common among the elderly. Its pathogenesis remains unclear, but there are well-recognized theories, such as release phenomenon and deafferentation theory. At present, there is no unified diagnostic criteria for CBS, the diagnosis and differential diagnosis are mostly based on clinical features. The main goal of treatment is to restore vision. Ophthalmic treatment is the first choice. (Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2022, 46: 516-522) Related Articles | Metrics

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Pathogenesis of dry eye and neuropathic ocular pain after keratorefractive surgery Zhao Lu, Zhou Yifan, Yang Tingting, Duan Hongyu, Qi Hong International Review of Ophthalmology    2022, 46 (5): 454-459.   DOI: 10.3760/ cma.j.issn.1673-5803.2022.05.013 Abstract （275）            Knowledge map    Save With the prevalence of keratorefractive surgery, postoperative complications attract increasing attention from ophthalmologists. Among them, dry eye is the most common complication. What’s more, some patients suffer chronic ocular pain, which seriously affects the postoperative satisfaction of patients. Recent studies have found that tear functional units dysfunction plays a core role in the pathogenesis of dry eye after keratorefractive surgery. Meanwhile, researchers pay more and more attention to the relationship between neuropathic corneal pain and chronic ocular pain after corneal refractive surgery, trying to understand the pathological mechanism of ocular pain after corneal refractive surgery from this point of view.(Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2022, 46: 454-459) Related Articles | Metrics

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Risk factors for acute primary angle closure International Review of Ophthalmology    2023, 47 (1): 18-24.   DOI: 10.3760/ cma.j.issn.1673-5803.2023.01.004 Abstract （273）            Knowledge map    Save Acute primary angle closure (APAC) is an ocular emergency and requires immediate management to avoid blindness. The pathological mechanisms inducing APAC have not been entirely understood. Recent studies summarized the anatomical parameters associated with APAC, including crowded anterior chamber and angle, thicken and anterior moving lens, thinner ciliary body and expansive anterior rotating ciliary process, dynamic changing iris and choroid. Changes in single or multiple anatomical parameters of one or both eyes in such risk groups lead to the onset of APAC, under some predisposing factors (emotions, extreme weather and drugs, etc). (Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2023, 47: 18-24) Related Articles | Metrics

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Research progress of lens regeneration Guo Zhaoxing, Wan Xiuhua International Review of Ophthalmology    2023, 47 (1): 30-35.   DOI: 10.3760/ cma.j.issn.1673-5803.2023.01.006 Abstract （271）      PDF（pc） （1819KB）（713）       Knowledge map    Save Lens regeneration refers to the process of inducing new lens tissue by constructing a suitable microenvironment for lens development in vitro or in vivo using stem cells as materials. Regenerated lens tissue can be used to establish biological model for drug testing or research the pathological changes of lens diseases, and it is expected to replace artificial lens implantation as a new choice for cataract treatment. At present, the research on it mainly focuses on three aspects: the signal pathway, lens regeneration in vitro and lens regeneration in situ. The Wnt pathway and cell polarity pathway have been further elucidated, human induced pluripotent stem cells have become a new option for in vitro lens regeneration, and the application of minimally invasive procedures has provided the necessary conditions for in situ lens regeneration. (Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2023, 47: 30-35) Related Articles | Metrics

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Mechanisms of corneal endothelial cell injury related to glaucoma Zhao Yin, Xu Lijuan, Zhang Xinyao, Liang Yuanbo International Review of Ophthalmology    2022, 46 (6): 541-546.   DOI: 10.3760/ cma.j.issn.1673-5803.2022.06.012 Abstract （271）            Knowledge map    Save Corneal endothelial cell plays a key role in maintaining its transparency. Glaucoma and its treatment may cause damages to the corneal endothelial cells. Intraocular pressure, either too high or too low, could destroy the structure of corneal endothelial cells, as well as their pump function; the implantation and displacement of the drainage devices will damage the corneal endothelial cells; the imbalance of aqueous humor microenvironment will influence the nutrition supply to corneal endothelial cells; the toxicity of anti-glaucoma medicines may contribute to the dysfunction of corneal endothelial cells. This paper summarizes the relevant clinical and basic researches, and discusses the corneal injury mechanisms, aiming to provide guidances for the diagnosis and treatments of glaucoma, and reduce or avoid the visual function damages caused by corneal endothelial cell injury in glaucoma patients. (Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2022, 46:  541-546) Related Articles | Metrics

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International Review of Ophthalmology    2023, 47 (5): 391-391.   Abstract （266）            Knowledge map    Save Related Articles | Metrics

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International Review of Ophthalmology    2023, 47 (1): 67-67.   DOI: 10.3760/ cma.j.issn.1673-5803.2023.01.018 Abstract （264）            Knowledge map    Save Related Articles | Metrics