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Fluid misdirection syndrome during cataract surgery Zuo Jiamu, Wan Xiuhua International Review of Ophthalmology    2024, 48 (1): 25-28.   DOI: 10.3760/ cma.j.issn.1673-5803.2024.01.005 Abstract （1509）            Knowledge map    Save Fluid misdirection syndrome during cataract surgery is a rare and serious complication, characterized by an immediate increase in intraocular pressure, iris anterior movement and shallow anterior chamber, excluding iris hyphema. The pathological mechanism involves the accumulation of fluid between the posterior chamber and the anterior hyaloid membrane. Its risk factors include high intraocular pressure and thinning of the lens capsule. To prevent fluid misdirection syndrome, adequate assessment and meticulous operation during surgery are important. Currently, pars-plana fluid aspiration is the primary treatment method for this condition. (Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2024, 48: 25-28) Related Articles | Metrics

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Mechanism and clinical application of tacrolimus in treatment of dry eye disease Zhang Zijie, Jia Zhe, Zhao Shaozhen International Review of Ophthalmology    2022, 46 (4): 318-323.   DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1673-5803.2022.04.005 Abstract （1093）            Knowledge map    Save Dry eye disease (DED) is widely believed that immune-related inflammation plays an important role in its pathogenesis. Tacrolimus (FK506) has a certain therapeutic effect on ocular inflammation in dry eye by inhibiting calcineurin or MAPK pathway in T lymphocytes, NF-κB pathway in ocular surface cells, and apoptosis of ocular surface cells. Currently, studies on the topical use of tacrolimus in the treatment of dry eye have focused on dry eye with systemic immune diseases, including chronic graft-versus-host disease, Sjgren's syndrome, cicatoid pemphigoid, Steven-Johnson syndrome, etc.(Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2022, 46:  318-323) Related Articles | Metrics

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Tear osmolarity and dry eye disease Fang Zijie, Zhang Chen, Zhao Shaozhen International Review of Ophthalmology    2022, 46 (6): 559-565.   DOI: 10.3760/ cma.j.issn.1673-5803.2022.06.015 Abstract （954）            Knowledge map    Save Increased tear osmolarity is the prominent manifestation and core mechanism of dry eye disease. It can be measured by a variety of methods such as measurements upon electric impedance. Tear osmolarity fluctuates in a certain range which affected by self and environmental factors. The alteration of tear osmolarity is closely related to dry eye disease caused by multiple reasons. Increased tear osmolarity would cause inflammatory response, cell autophagy and oxidative stress.  Tear osmolarity provides more ideas for exploring the pathogenesis and treatment effect of dry eye. (Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2022, 46:  559-565) Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of menopause on dry eye in women Wang Yatong, Zhang Lei, Gao Honglian International Review of Ophthalmology    2023, 47 (1): 58-61.   DOI: 10.3760/ cma.j.issn.1673-5803.2023.01.011 Abstract （877）            Knowledge map    Save Dry eye is a multifactorial ocular surface disease that causes ocular pain, discomfort and vision loss, which seriously affects the quality of life of patients.Female is an important risk factor for dry eye, especially menopausal and postmenopausal women, suggesting that changes in level of sex hormone play an important role in the pathogenesis of dry eye. Sex hormones (estrogen, progesterone and androgen) affect the production of all components of tear, including water, lipids and mucins.Various mechanisms such as reduced level of sex hormone, altered feedback mechanisms, and changes in receptor receptivity interact to alter ocular surface homeostasis, resulting in dry eye. Several studies have shown the potential role of menopausal hormone therapy in dry eye among the menopausal and postmenopausal women. (Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2023, 47: 58-61) Related Articles | Metrics

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Transscleral cyclophotocoagulation with micropulse laser for refractory glaucoma Tao De, Zhang Tiemin, Su Yufang, Yang Yajun International Review of Ophthalmology    2024, 48 (1): 15-19.   DOI: 10.3760/ cma.j.issn.1673-5803.2024.01.003 Abstract （763）            Knowledge map    Save This article summarizes 8 foreign research articles on the treatment of refractory glaucoma with transscleral cyclophotocoagulation with micropulse laser (MP-TSCPC). There were a total of 453 eyes with refractory glaucoma, including more than 33 eyes with pseudoexfoliative glaucoma, 43 eyes with chronic angle-closure glaucoma, more than 58 eyes with neovascular glaucoma, and more than 264 eyes with primary open-angle glaucoma. Most patients had previously undergone incisional glaucoma surgery or had a history of failed glaucoma surgery. Laser power was from 1.6 to 2 W. The duration of treatment lasts between 100 to 360 seconds, and the total energy used was within range of 62 to 225 J.  Follow-up time was from 2 to 18 months, and the success rate was from 33.3% to 73.7%. The preoperative highest intraocular pressure (IOP) was (39.1±13.84) mmHg, and the postoperative lowest IOP was (11.1±4.4) mmHg. The maximum number of anti-glaucoma eyedrops used preoperatively was 4, while postoperatively it was reduced to a minimum of 1.5 eyedrops. Most postoperative complications were anterior chamber inflammatory reactions, with 2 cases of eyeball atrophy and 15 cases of hypotony being the most severe complications. The studies showed that MP-TSCPC can effectively reduce IOP in refractory glaucoma and is a new treatment modality for refractory glaucoma. (Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2024, 48:  15-19) Related Articles | Metrics

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Research progress of tafluprost eye drops in the treatment of glaucoma Sun Longyan, Shi Yan, Fan Zhigang International Review of Ophthalmology    2023, 47 (3): 193-202.   DOI: 10.3760/ cma.j.issn.1673-5803.2023.03.001 Abstract （750）      PDF（pc） （2089KB）（2782）       Knowledge map    Save Tafluprost is a prostaglandin analogue (PGA) with strong FP receptor affinity, which was first reported in 2003. Whereafter, Tafluprost eye drops, as the first originally developed preservative-free PGA agent, came on the market, and has been used as the first-line drug in the treatment of open-angle glaucoma and ocular hypertension. The unique difluoride atomic structure gives tafluprost stronger metabolic stability, making it perform similar efficacy with a lower concentration compared to other PGA. A large number of clinical studies on tafluprost eye drops have confirmed its effect of reducing intraocular pressure, and the adverse reactions occur less and to a lesser degree. In addition to reducing intraocular pressure, tafluprost is considered to have other pharmacological effects, including ocular blood flow improvement and optic nerve protection, as well as a protective effect on other ocular tissues. Recent clinical trials have begun to focus more on the evaluation of the safety of preservative-free tafluprost eye drops, especially for the ocular surface condition. In 2022, the preservative-free tafluprost eye drops (Tapros) were marketed in China. This article will review the pharmacological mechanism and pharmacokinetics of tafluprost, and discuss its clinical efficacy, safety, and tolerability of preservative-free tafluprost eye drops to provide clinical guidance. (Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2023, 47: 193-202) Related Articles | Metrics

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Morphological changes of the Schlemm canal in glaucoma patients Zhao Mian, Ye Wenqing, Liang Yuanbo International Review of Ophthalmology    2025, 49 (1): 1-7.   DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.cn115500-20241115-01001 Abstract （746）      PDF（pc） （805KB）（277）       Knowledge map    Save Schlemm canal is a circular tubular structure surrounding the trabecular meshwork around the limbus, which has a different morphological changes ( diameter and area ) in different states and different quadrants. For example, the study showed that the diameter and area of Schlemm canal decreased significantly with age, and the nasal side of Schlemm canal area was greater than the temporal side in normal adults. However, the diameter and area of Schlemm canal in high myopia were significantly larger than that of the normal control group, and the area of Schlemm canal in glaucoma patients was significantly smaller than that of normal subjects. As an important part of the aqueous drainage channel, the measurement of Schlemm canal morphological parameters has been paid great attention by researchers. The measurement methods have been developed from light microscope and electron microscope to ultrasound biological microscopy and optical coherence tomography. Previous studies have reported that the parameters of Schlemm canal in glaucoma patients was significantly smaller than that of normal subjects, as well as glaucoma treatment, such as medication, laser and surgical, can alter the microstructure of the Schlemm canal. (Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2025, 49:  1-7) Related Articles | Metrics

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Advance in the study of expulsive suprachoroidal hemorrhage Huang Yi, Hu Haijian, Zhang Xu International Review of Ophthalmology    2022, 46 (6): 522-527.   Abstract （707）            Knowledge map    Save Expulsive suprachoroidal hemorrhage (ESCH) is a rare,  but one of the most severe and frightening complication of intraocular surgery. It may involve the ciliary body,  vitreous,  and retina,  and can cause complete loss of vision. The pathogenesis of ESCH is unclear,  but it is related to choroid tissue composition and blood supply. Previous studies have shown that one of the most important triggers of ESCH is the sudden drop of intraocular pressure,  which often occurs during and after cataract surgery,  glaucoma surgery and vitrectomy.B-scan ultrasonography can diagnose ESCH and observe the degree of coagulation in the suprachoroidal space,  which helps to determine the timing of surgery. Surgery is the most important treatment for ESCH, early suprachoroidal drainage can save the remaining vision,  but the effectiveness of different drainage methods is controversial. ESCH can be effectively avoided by paying attention to the management of risk factors before surgery,  careful operation during surgery and timely detection of suprachoroidal hemorrhage (SCH). (Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2022, 46:  522-527) Related Articles | Metrics

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Corneal epithelial thickness changes after refractive surgery and related influencing factors Yang Fan, Yang Liu, Huang Yue International Review of Ophthalmology    2023, 47 (1): 53-57.   DOI: 10.3760/ cma.j.issn.1673-5803.2023.01.010 Abstract （696）            Knowledge map    Save Human corneal epithelium has strong ability to remodel itself. When the corneal surface is irregular, the corneal epithelium will reshape the cornea in the form of thickening to a certain extent. The corneal surface changes after corneal laser surgery, which will stimulate the rearrangement of corneal epithelial cells, showing the change of corneal epithelial thickness. The epithelial remodeling is related to surgical procedure, refractive error correction, laser ablation depth and area. Transepithelial photorefractive keratectomy (Trans-PRK) showed obvious epithelial thickening one month after operation, and the thickening area was mainly in the peripheral area; femtosecond laser-assisted in situkeratomileusis (FS-LASIK) and femtosecond laser small incision lenticule extraction (SMILE) showed obvious thickening one week after operation. The difference is that FS-LASIK thickening area is mainly the para-central area, while SMILE thickening area is the peripheral area. The influence of corneal epithelial thickness on postoperative visual acuity, postoperative diopter prediction and corneal refractive stability should not be ignored. (Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2023, 47: 53-57) Related Articles | Metrics

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Research status of dome-shaped macula in high myopia Yao Ailin , Chu Yanhua International Review of Ophthalmology    2023, 47 (2): 131-137.   DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1673-5803.2023.02.007 Abstract （675）            Knowledge map    Save As a progressive pathological condition, dome-shaped macula (DSM) is characterized by an inward convexity or bulge of the retinal pigment epithelium in the macular region, with the bulge height over than 50  μm, which occurs mostly in patients with high myopia. The pathogenesis of DSM development remains unclear; several hypotheses have been suggested, such as tangential vitreoretinal traction, localized thickening of sclera and choroid in the macular area, and macular Bruch’s membrane defect. DSM is often accompanied by serous retinal detachment, choroidal neovascularization, macular splits and other complications, thus increasing the risk of visual impairment. Clinically, asymptomatic patients with DSM mainly take regular follow-up observation. When serous retinal detachment and significant visual impairment appear, treatment with half-dose photodynamic therapy, supplementary of laser photocoagulation or oral mineral corticoid receptor antagonists may have a beneficial effect. However, more large clinical studies are required to confirm the exact efficacy of these treatments. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) and related fundus image examinations provide objective evidences for clinical diagnosis. OCT can visually display the inward bulge of the macula and other changes associated with it. (Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2023, 47: 131-137) Related Articles | Metrics

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Pilomatricoma of the eyelid Ma Qiannan, Ma Jianmin, Ding Yi International Review of Ophthalmology    2022, 46 (6): 571-576.   DOI: 10.3760/ cma.j.issn.1673-5803.2022.06.017 Abstract （664）            Knowledge map    Save Eyelid pilomatricoma is a benign tumor originating from the stromal cells of the skin follicle and presents primarily as a painless, firm lump, typically composed of basophils cells, shadow cells and transitional cells. The clinical presentation is complex and variable, and the rate of misdiagnosis is relatively high. It is important to note that this disease needs to be distinguished from sebaceous cysts and eyelid hemangiomas from each other. Ultrasound examination is an important method for diagnosing this disease, and histopathology is the "gold standard" for diagnosing this disease. The treatment is mainly surgical resection with a good postoperative prognosis,and optimal treatment has not been found. (Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2022, 46:  571-576) Related Articles | Metrics

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Mechanism of low-intensity red light therapy in regulating axial elongation Wang Yumo, Sun Hongyan, Lin Hongzhan, Yang Mingming International Review of Ophthalmology    2024, 48 (6): 426-432.   Abstract （650）            Knowledge map    Save Myopia has become an urgent problem in global public health. Low-intensity red light therapy has been shown to be effective in delaying axial elongation in a non-invasive manner, but its mechanism remains unclear. Low-intensity red light therapy is based on the principle that specific molecules absorb photons and respond to light signals, resulting in changes in the electronic excited state of molecules, temporarily changing their structure and function, and achieving highly specific and targeted biological regulation. The regulation of axial length involves a complex cascade of reactions that begins in the retina and affects the sclera. Light exposure is closely related to axial elongation. Previous studies have indicated that the visual stimulation elicited by low-intensity red light is received by retinal neurons and generates signals, which are transduced through the retinal pigment epithelium and choroid to the sclera, leading to the release of neurotransmitters, alterations in choroidal blood flow, and scleral remodeling. This review explores the relationship between low-intensity red light therapy and axial regulation, investigating the mechanisms by which low-intensity red light slows down axial growth. (Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2024, 48:  426-432) Related Articles | Metrics

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Evaluation of clinical severity in intermittent exotropia Luo Dan, Yu Xinping International Review of Ophthalmology    2022, 46 (6): 481-485.   DOI: 10.3760/ cma.j.issn.1673-5803.2022.06.001 Abstract （630）      PDF（pc） （1043KB）（1370）       Knowledge map    Save Evaluation of the severity of intermittent exotropia is important to understand the progress of the disease and the determining of treatment. At present, it is mainly focus on three aspects: deviation amplitude, stereopsis and fusion control. The prism alternative cover test was routinely used to measure deviation amplitude, but sometimes the patient's maximum deviation amplitude not be obtained. By use of staring at 30 m visual markers, staring at outdoor visual markers, cover test and prism adaptation test, we tried to break the binocular fusion to get a greater degree of strabismus. Titmus stereopsis and Randot stereopsis were mainly used to measure stereopsis in clinic, but the results of the two methods were quite different, which was related to the design of stereopsis. In addition, binocular viewing glasses, measuring environment, viewing angle may affect the measurement results.Fusion control was assessed by Newcastle control score and Office control score,but both were significantly influenced by family subjectivity or patient compliance, the new LACTOSE control rating may be a more appropriate IXT control rating tool.In addition, the consistency of deviation amplitude, stereopsis and fusion control is poor, and the clinical judgment of the severity of patients also needs comprehensive consideration. Therefore, it is necessary to understand the characteristics and influencing factors of each evaluation method when interpreting the evaluation results of IXT. (Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2022,  46: 481-485) Related Articles | Metrics

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Pathogenesis and malignant transformation mechanism of IgG4-related ophthalmic diseases Yan Haihan, Ma Jianmin International Review of Ophthalmology    2023, 47 (2): 163-169.   DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1673-5803.2023.02.012 Abstract （616）            Knowledge map    Save IgG4-related ophthalmic disease (IgG4-ROD) is an occult-progressive disease characterized by IgG4 and plasma cell infiltration, mattostriate fibrosis, and occlusive phlebitis in tumor-like tissues. At present, the pathogenesis and malignant mechanism of IgG4-ROD remain unclear. After pathogen infection, the pathogen recognition receptor encoded by the innate immune recognition germ line activates B cells, and promotes the activation and class switch to IgG4 of B cells with the assistance of Tfh cells, resulting in the infiltration of IgG4 in tissues. B cells activate cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) cells, which together with CTL cells promote fibrosis. IgG4-ROD can malicious change into mucosa associated lymphoid tissue type (MALT),  immunity and inflammation may be involved in the pathogenesis.(Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2023, 47: 163-169) Related Articles | Metrics

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Application of capsular tension ring in cataract surgery Chen Dongjun, Wan Xiuhua International Review of Ophthalmology    2023, 47 (4): 315-321.   DOI: 10.3760/ cma.j.issn.1673-5803.2023.04.005 Abstract （589）            Knowledge map    Save When there are anomalies in the zonules,the safety of cataract surgery is significantly compromised,leading to increased risks of vitreous prolapse,capsular rupture,residual lens cortex,and dislocation of the intraocular lens(IOL). The use of capsular tension rings(CTRs)and related intraocular devices allow ophthalmologists to maintain the stability of the capsular bag easily during complex cataract surgeries,enhancing the controllability of anterior segment procedures and reducing or alleviating intraoperative and postoperative complications. Moreover, they improves the prognosis of zonular anomalies related conditions. With continuous advancements in design and materials,the indications for capsular tension rings are expanding gradually. Especially for highly myopic patients,CTRs can effectively stabilize the position of the IOL,provide additional support to the relaxed zonules,inhibit migration and proliferation of residual lens epithelial cells,and improve patients' visual quality while reducing the incidence of retinal detachment post-surgery. (Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2023, 47: 315-321) Related Articles | Metrics

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Pathogenesis of Terson syndrome International Review of Ophthalmology    2023, 47 (1): 42-46.   DOI: 10.3760/ cma.j.issn.1673-5803.2023.01.008 Abstract （582）            Knowledge map    Save Terson syndrome is an intraocular hemorrhage caused by intracranial hemorrhage, which is particularly common in patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage. At present, the specific pathogenesis of Terson syndrome is not clear, but the current mainstream pathogenesis is as follows: first, intracranial hemorrhage leads to increased intracranial pressure, and increased intracranial pressure leads to blocked retinal venous reflux, resulting in venous obstructive bleeding; the other is intracranial hemorrhage along the optic nerve sheath into the eye, causing intraocular hemorrhage. Recently, the lymphatic system from the intracranial to the eyeball has become a new research direction of this disease, providing another possibility for the pathogenesis of Terson syndrome and possibly a new way of thinking for other ophthalmic diseases. (Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2023, 47: 42-46) Related Articles | Metrics

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Roles of Th17 cells in pathogenesis of dry eye disease Sha Yongyi, Kong Xueqing, Xiang Minhong International Review of Ophthalmology    2023, 47 (1): 62-67.   DOI: 10.3760/ cma.j.issn.1673-5803.2023.01.012 Abstract （571）            Knowledge map    Save Dry eye is a common ocular surface disease in clinic, and patients show obvious immune homeostasis disruption. Th17 cells, one of the Th subtypes and producing interleukin-17 (IL-17), are widely present in the human body as important immune cells. They generate the iconic cytokines IL-17A, IL-17F, and IL-22. Transforming growth factor-β, IL-6, IL-21, and IL-23 can promote the differentiation of Th17 cells. Th17 cells play a particularly important role in the immune response of dry eye disease. In dry eye disease, the expression of Th17 related cytokines is increased, and the proportion of Th17/regulatory T cell (Treg) is increased. The migration of Th17 to the ocular surface can further lead to the occurrence and development of dry eye disease. Therefore, searching for Th17-related therapeutic targets may be a key factor in the treatment of dry eye. (Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2023, 47: 62-67) Related Articles | Metrics

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Anti-VEGF drugs for fundus neovascular diseases Hou Huimin, Chang Xueke, Jin Yujia, Song Zongming International Review of Ophthalmology    2024, 48 (6): 464-470.   DOI: 10.3760/ cma.j.issn.1673-5803.2024.06.013 Abstract （568）            Knowledge map    Save Retinal neovascularization is a type of ophthalmic disease that involves abnormal proliferation of retinal and choroidal blood vessels. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) plays a key role in the pathogenesis of fundus neovascular diseases. Anti-VEGF drugs (such as pegatinib, bevacizumab, ranibizumab, busizumab, aflibercept, conbercept, fariximab, etc) can reduce vascular leakage, promote the absorption of effusion and accelerate the regression of neovascularization. Neovascular diseases in the fundus are related to multiple factors, and targeting multiple channels simultaneously may produce better prognosis. With the development of new drug delivery methods, sustained-release drugs, and novel drugs targeting more pathways, anti VEGF drugs provide a more efficient and safe option for the treatment of retinal neovascularization. Innovative drugs include gene therapy drugs ADVM-022 and RGX-314, local eye drops such as pazopanib, squalylamine, regorafenib, oral tyrosine kinase inhibitor CM082, and monoclonal antibody drug loaded implants , all of which have certain prospects.(Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2024, 48:  464-470) Related Articles | Metrics

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Visual impairment and visual rehabilitation after stroke Wang Xue, Wu Jun, Zhou Jinqiong International Review of Ophthalmology    2022, 46 (4): 370-377.   DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1673-5803.2022.04.016 Abstract （560）            Knowledge map    Save Visual impairment is the common complication of stroke, which can be manifested in three aspects: visual sensory impairment, visual dyskinesia and visual perception impairment. Visual impairment can significantly affect the visual perception and quality of life of patients, and hinder the overall rehabilitation process of the whole body. Visual sensory impairment includes visual acuity decline and visual field defects. The needs of visual function can be met through glasses and visual aids instruments. The rehabilitation means of visual field defects include alternative treatment, compensatory training and restorative treatment. Visual dyskinesia include strabismus and eye movement disorders, and their treatment include eye movement training, prism, covering, medicine and strabismus correction surgery. Visual neglect is the most common form of visual perception disorder, and its treatment include acupuncture and various modern rehabilitation methods. The effective treatment and rehabilitation of visual impairment provide good visual conditions for the whole-body rehabilitation of stroke patients. (Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2022, 46:  370-377) Related Articles | Metrics

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Research progress on ocular administration methods Chen Xinyi, He Ting, Shen Ting International Review of Ophthalmology    2023, 47 (3): 210-217.   DOI: 10.3760/ cma.j.issn.1673-5803.2023.03.003 Abstract （553）      PDF（pc） （1075KB）（3037）       Knowledge map    Save In recent years, various new dosage forms of ocular drugs have been developed, such as nano preparations (including nanoparticles, nanospheres, nanoemulsions, nanosuspensions, nanoliposomes, nanomicelles, fluorescent nano and dendritic macromolecules, etc.), sustained-release gels (including temperature-sensitive, pH, ionic and self-assembled peptide hydrogels, etc.), contact lenses, implants, microneedles, etc., which effectively improve the bioavailability of ocular drug administration, patient compliance, and achieve continuous administration, reduce drug side effects, and reduce chronic damage to the eyes , improves the therapeutic effect of eye medication. (Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2023, 47: 210-217) Related Articles | Metrics

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Ocular abnormities after COVID-19 vaccination Gao Min, Sun Xuguang , Xiao Yang International Review of Ophthalmology    2022, 46 (5): 385-390.   DOI: 10.3760/ cma.j.issn.1673-5803.2022.05.001 Abstract （548）      PDF（pc） （756KB）（1056）       Knowledge map    Save Vaccination remains one of the most effective interventions in human history against different viral infections. Definitly the benefits of the COVID-19 vaccine in preventing COVID-19 are well established. Reports of ocular adverse effects after COVID-19 vaccinations have emerged simultaneously. The ocular adverse effects may appear on the eyelid, cornea and sclera, retina, uvea, nerve and vessel. Clinical manifestations include keratitis, uveitis, retinitis, nerve palsy and vascular obstruction. The review summarizes ocular adverse effects possibly associated with COVID-19 vaccination，in order to raise our concern for the ocular manifestations after COVID-19 vaccination. (Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2022, 46: 385-390) Related Articles | Metrics

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Mechanism and safety of controlling myopia with repeated low-level red light Li Haobin, Ge Jinling International Review of Ophthalmology    2024, 48 (3): 229-234.   DOI: 10.3760/ cma.j.issn.1673-5803.2024.03.013 Abstract （537）            Knowledge map    Save The research results of repeated low-level red light (RLRL) irradiation assisted treatment of myopia in children and adolescents show that RLRL irradiation can slow down the growth of myopia in children and adolescents. The possible mechanism is to increase choroid thickness, promote retinal dopamine secretion, inhibit melatonin secretion, promote cell repair, and inhibit cell apoptosis. The safety of RLRL has also been widely controversial in clinical practice, as the retina of children and adolescents is not yet fully developed. Long term repeated exposure to low-level red light may induce radiation-induced cataracts, degeneration of retinal tertiary neurons and pigment epithelial cells, and macular light damage. Related Articles | Metrics

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Pathogenesis and potential drug  of cataract Ma Lin, Huang Lintao, Shi Hang, Wang Wanhe, Wu Li'an International Review of Ophthalmology    2025, 49 (1): 25-31.   DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.cn115500-20240722-01005 Abstract （534）            Knowledge map    Save The pathogenesis of cataracts is linked to multiple factors, with oxidative stress, excessive quinone substances, aldose reductase activity, and lens protein aggregation being the main mechanisms. Recently, many drugs and compounds have been identified through basic and animal studies as having potential anti-cataract effects. These include polyphenolic compounds extracted from plants, Ginkgo biloba leaves, ginger, and drugs like pirenoxine eye drops for excessive quinone substances. Aldose reductase inhibitors such as diosgenin and L-lysine and anti-lens protein aggregation agents like lanosterol and 25-hydroxycholesterol also show promise, indicating a shift towards molecular approaches in anti-cataract therapy. Despite the therapeutic potential seen in research, limitations such as the extrapolation of animal study results and individual variability currently hinder their clinical application. With further research, these drugs may be used in clinical settings in the future. (Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2025, 49:  25-31) Related Articles | Metrics

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Intraocular lens power calculation formulas in eyes of previous corneal refractive surgery Yu Yangfan, Song Xudong International Review of Ophthalmology    2022, 46 (5): 460-464.   DOI: 10.3760/ cma.j.issn.1673-5803.2022.05.014 Abstract （533）            Knowledge map    Save Nowadays patients who got laser corneal refractive surgery years ago began to develop cataracts. Because of the cornea changes caused by the surgery, the traditional intraocular lens (IOL) formula is not applicable for producing large postoperative refractive errors. The error sources include the measurement error of the cornea anterior surface curvature radius, corneal refractive power, the axial length, and the position of the effective intraocular lens. The formulas that do not require preoperative data before refractive surgery, such as Hoffer Q formula, Barrett True-K formula, Shammas-PL formula, etc., can be applied on the patients who had undergone the laser corneal refractive surgery. The accuracy and predictability of the new generation IOL formulas based on ray tracing principles or artificial intelligence, including Olsen formula, EVO formula, Hill-RBF formula, Kane formula, etc., have been confirmed in the calculation of intraocular lens power in patients undergoing conventional cataract surgery. However, the application value of those new generation IOL formulas in the patients after laser corneal refractive surgery still needs further research to confirm.(Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2022, 46: 460-464) Related Articles | Metrics

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Hyperglycemia induces diabetic retinopathy through oxidative stress Ding Yuwan, Huang Hong, Xu Jing International Review of Ophthalmology    2023, 47 (5): 424-429.   DOI: 10.3760/ cma.j.issn.1673-5803.2023.05.007 Abstract （525）            Knowledge map    Save Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a retinal microvascular complication that arises with the prolongation of the disease in diabetic patients. Its main pathological changes include retinal inflammation, increased vascular permeability, and abnormal retinal surface angiogenesis. Multiple mechanisms are involved in the development of DR, and oxidative stress is an important mechanism in its development, which includes the polyol pathway, advanced glycation end products (AGEs) pathway, the hexosamine pathway (HBP), the protein kinase C (PKC) pathway, and the angiotensin II (ANG II) pathway. The initiation of oxidative stress triggers an intracellular cascade reaction that generates excessive reactive oxygen species. Excessive reactive oxygen species lead to protein modification, inflammatory response, apoptosis, dysregulation of autophagy, impaired mitochondrial function, interfering with a variety of signaling pathways and affecting a variety of biological processes, which result in the onset and progression of DR. Further study of these interactions is important for understanding the pathogenesis of DR and finding relevant therapeutic strategies. Related Articles | Metrics

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Optimization measurements and formulas of keratometry before Toric intraocular lens implantation 陈紫亮 饶惠英, International Review of Ophthalmology    2022, 46 (5): 437-442.   DOI: 10.3760/ cma.j.issn.1673-5803.2022.05.010 Abstract （517）            Knowledge map    Save Toric intraocular lens (IOL) implantation has become the preferred method for astigmatism correction due to its high safety and predictability. Corneal astigmatism includes anterior corneal astigmatism (ACA) and posterior corneal astigmatism (PCA). In the past, corneal astigmatism was evaluated solely base on ACA measurement, which will induce an overcorrection in the with-the-rule corneal astigmatism eyes and an undercorrection in the against-the-rule astigmatism eyes. Therefore the important contribution of the PCA to total corneal astigmatism (TCA) should not be neglected. IOL Master and Lenstar 900 show high predictive and repeatability for keralometry measurement. Some devices which can measure the total keratometry directly is theoretically more accurate than the simulated keratometry. It is suggested that the SimK measured by IOL Master or Lenstar, matched with Barrett Toric formula directly if SimK is consistent well with TCA. The choice in case of poor consistency between SimK and TCA remains controversial. When PCA≥0.8 D, the measured PCA is recommended. At present, ophthalmologists should make individual selection according to the measurement of diverse devices and patients' conditions to minimize the residual astigmatism.(Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2022, 46: 437-442) Related Articles | Metrics

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Application of micro-monovision in phacoemulsification combined with intraocular lens implantation for  presbyopia corrections of cataract Tang Tingting, Wan Xiuhua International Review of Ophthalmology    2022, 46 (6): 502-506.   DOI: 10.3760/ cma.j.issn.1673-5803.2022.06.005 Abstract （517）            Knowledge map    Save Micro-monovision is a modified monovision method, which is gradually applied to the cataract surgery. The micro-monovision design can meet the near-distance vision needs of different patients which can correct presbyopia and obtain high-quality binocular full-distance visual acuity during cataract extraction. A    mong the varied types of cataract surgery combined with intraocular lens implantation, micro-monovision has the advantages of high postoperative satisfaction and spectacle independence rate, low surgical cost and safe clinical application. Different types of intraocular lenses can use micro micro-monovision design to provide patients with more satisfactory visual quality. (Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2022, 46:  502-506) Related Articles | Metrics

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Progress in detection and training of binocular stereovision Zhao Yiyang, Fu Jing International Review of Ophthalmology    2022, 46 (6): 486-491.   DOI: 10.3760/ cma.j.issn.1673-5803.2022.06.002 Abstract （515）      PDF（pc） （787KB）（1636）       Knowledge map    Save Stereopsis detection has experienced the continuous evolution of depth gauge, pattern stereopsis and random dot examination. The traditional stereovision examination methods are represented by Titmus and synoptophore, but there are many problems such as high requirements for examination equipment and subjective factors. The combination of 3D display, mobile phone software and other technologies can reduce the examination requirements, increase patient compliance, and obtain a wide range of disparity and accurate examination values. Stereoscopic vision training has been developed from traditional synoptophore training to visual perception training and mixed training. Recently, virtual reality (VR) and other technologies have also been applied to visual perception training to improve patient compliance and obtain better training effects. There are many methods for detecting and training stereovision function, each of which has its own advantages and disadvantages. Clinicians should choose the appropriate method for patients and combine various methods to evaluate and train stereovision function of patients in a comprehensive way. (Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2022, 46: 486-491) Related Articles | Metrics

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Research progress and clinical application of lens organoids Xiong Yingyue, Chen Xiaona, Wei Jia, Gao Yali International Review of Ophthalmology    2024, 48 (6): 401-406.   DOI: 10.3760/ cma.j.issn.1673-5803.2024.06.001 Abstract （513）      PDF（pc） （805KB）（205）       Knowledge map    Save The pathogenesis of cataract is relatively complex, lack of effective drug treatment, and postoperative visual quality cannot be restored to normal state. With the application of stem cell technology in ophthalmology, researchers have used stem cells from various sources to successfully induce the formation of humanoid lenses in vitro and reproduce the microscopic three-dimensional structure of some of their unique functions. These lens organoids are used to build disease models in vitro, study the mechanisms and inductions of related diseases, screen drugs and even regenerate alternative treatments. It provides more possibilities for preventing and treating cataracts. This paper reviews the research progress of lens organoids, introduces the breakthrough research methods, summarizes their clinical applications in mechanism research, drug screening and regenerative replacement therapy, and puts forward personal prospects in the direction of related research and cultivation and the construction of 3D lens or whole eye structure in cooperation with multi-bioengineering. (Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2024, 48:  401-406) Related Articles | Metrics

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Application of adalimumab in non-infectious uveitis Peng Yu, Qiu Xinwen, Ye Bo, Chen Jiansu International Review of Ophthalmology    2022, 46 (4): 336-340.   DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1673-5803.2022.04.009 Abstract （505）            Knowledge map    Save Non-infectious uveitis (NIU) is a group of immune-mediated diseases with complex etiology and difficult treatment. Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) is the key pro-inflammatory factor in NIU. Adalimumab is a fully humanized monoclonal antibody targeting TNF-α, specifically binding to TNF-α and therefore blocking its induced downstream processes. Application of adalimumab in NIU including uveitis caused by Behcet's disease, Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada syndrome, ankylosing spondylitis-related uveitis, and children's uveitis can effectively reduce inflammation, the dosage of glucocorticoid, and the recurrence rate. Its safety has also been initially confirmed. Adalimumab is a suitable option for second-line treatment of NIU and shows great potential in the treatment of NIU. (Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2022, 46:  336-340) Related Articles | Metrics

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Research progress of 24-hour intraocular pressure fluctuation in normal-tension glaucoma Su Difei, Qing Guoping International Review of Ophthalmology    2023, 47 (1): 24-29.   DOI: 10.3760/ cma.j.issn.1673-5803.2023.01.005 Abstract （503）            Knowledge map    Save Normal-tension glaucoma (NTG) is a chronic progressive optic neuropathy, in which the intraocular pressure (IOP) is within the normal range. More and more evidence shows that NTG accounts for a high proportion of open-angle glaucoma. In the diagnosis of NTG, 24-hour IOP measurement is particularly important, and it is the main sign to differentiate NTG from POAG. The 24-hour IOP monitoring of NTG patients usually shows peak intraocular pressure at night, and the diurnal fluctuation of IOP is often larger than normal. In addition, the average IOP, short-term and long-term IOP fluctuation amplitude and minimum IOP value of 24 h IOP are all the predictive parameters of NTG disease progression. This makes the 24-hour IOP monitoring of NTG patients and individualized treatment based on the characteristics of their 24-hour IOP fluctuation become particularly important. (Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2023, 47: 24-29) Related Articles | Metrics

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Research progress of lens regeneration Guo Zhaoxing, Wan Xiuhua International Review of Ophthalmology    2023, 47 (1): 30-35.   DOI: 10.3760/ cma.j.issn.1673-5803.2023.01.006 Abstract （499）      PDF（pc） （1819KB）（2788）       Knowledge map    Save Lens regeneration refers to the process of inducing new lens tissue by constructing a suitable microenvironment for lens development in vitro or in vivo using stem cells as materials. Regenerated lens tissue can be used to establish biological model for drug testing or research the pathological changes of lens diseases, and it is expected to replace artificial lens implantation as a new choice for cataract treatment. At present, the research on it mainly focuses on three aspects: the signal pathway, lens regeneration in vitro and lens regeneration in situ. The Wnt pathway and cell polarity pathway have been further elucidated, human induced pluripotent stem cells have become a new option for in vitro lens regeneration, and the application of minimally invasive procedures has provided the necessary conditions for in situ lens regeneration. (Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2023, 47: 30-35) Related Articles | Metrics

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The role of outdoor activities in myopia prevention and control Gao Yuting, Liu Heting International Review of Ophthalmology    2022, 46 (6): 554-559.   DOI: 10.3760/ cma.j.issn.1673-5803.2022.06.014 Abstract （489）            Knowledge map    Save There are considerable researches to support that outdoor activity is an independent protective factor against myopia and  its protective effect is positively associated with time spent outdoors. Outdoor activity can prevent the onset of myopia, but it is controversial whether it can control the progression of myopia in children and adolescents who are already myopic.The "light-dopamine" hypothesis is the most likely potential biological mechanism for outdoor activities to prevent and control myopia, as outdoor sunlight exposure stimulates the retina to secrete more dopamine, thereby suppressing the elongation of the eye-axis. The large amount of short-wave length light in the outdoor spectrum is focused in front of the retina, which retards myopia progression after receiving this signal. The increased synthesis of vitamin D by the skin in response to sunlight exposure may also play an important role in the prevention and control of myopia by outdoor activities. (Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2022, 46: 554-559) Related Articles | Metrics

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International Review of Ophthalmology    2023, 47 (2): 169-.   Abstract （489）      PDF（pc） （680KB）（1333）       Knowledge map    Save Related Articles | Metrics

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Application of posterior scleral reinforcement surgery in the treatment of high myopia Wu Jiale, Xiong Zhaohui, Xu Yincong, Sun Miaomiao, Gao Jie International Review of Ophthalmology    2023, 47 (6): 517-523.   DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1673-5803.2023.06.008 Abstract （486）            Knowledge map    Save The most obvious feature of pathological myopia is the gradual increase of the eye axis and the appearance of posterior staphyloma. Posterior scleral reinforcement surgery is currently an effective surgical method for delaying or preventing axial elongation in the treatment of pathological myopia. It mainly uses reinforcement materials to cause inflammatory reactions, neovascularization, and collagen fiber proliferation in the sclera to strengthen the weak posterior sclera and prevent further increase in axial length. This surgical method has been improved on the basis of strip method, patch method, and injection method, and currently, single strip reinforcement method is still the main method. Posterior scleral reinforcement materials are mainly divided into two categories: biological and non-biological, each with its own advantages and disadvantages. Currently, artificial pericardial patches and allogeneic sclera are the main types. Although posterior scleral reinforcement surgery has significant advantages in controlling the development of high myopia, imaging examination suggests that the shape and location of staphyloma in the sclera are diverse, making it difficult for this surgery to conform to the surgical mechanism, leading to controversy over the postoperative efficacy. (Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2023, 47:  517-523) Related Articles | Metrics

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Risk factors for acute primary angle closure International Review of Ophthalmology    2023, 47 (1): 18-24.   DOI: 10.3760/ cma.j.issn.1673-5803.2023.01.004 Abstract （484）            Knowledge map    Save Acute primary angle closure (APAC) is an ocular emergency and requires immediate management to avoid blindness. The pathological mechanisms inducing APAC have not been entirely understood. Recent studies summarized the anatomical parameters associated with APAC, including crowded anterior chamber and angle, thicken and anterior moving lens, thinner ciliary body and expansive anterior rotating ciliary process, dynamic changing iris and choroid. Changes in single or multiple anatomical parameters of one or both eyes in such risk groups lead to the onset of APAC, under some predisposing factors (emotions, extreme weather and drugs, etc). (Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2023, 47: 18-24) Related Articles | Metrics

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Current status of glaucoma patient management Si Zhibo, Zhang Chenchen, Zheng Yajuan International Review of Ophthalmology    2023, 47 (2): 110-115.   DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1673-5803.2023.02.003 Abstract （480）            Knowledge map    Save Lifelong follow-up is necessary for glaucoma patients. It is critical to manage glaucoma as a chronic disease. At present, there are different management strategies for glaucoma patients worldwide. In developed countries, hierarchical diagnosis and treatment system and supporting education are adopted to improve patients' treatment compliance. In recent years, the management of glaucoma patients in China has gradually developed from the tertiary hospital responsibility system to the mobile medical management mode, including disease screening, diagnosis and long-term follow-up.(Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2023, 47: 110-115) Related Articles | Metrics

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Mechanism of inflammatory response in posterior capsule opacification after cataract surgery in high myopia Ma Hui, Bao Yongzhen International Review of Ophthalmology    2023, 47 (2): 121-125.   DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1673-5803.2023.02.005 Abstract （474）            Knowledge map    Save High myopia is a high risk factor for cataract and posterior capsule opacification (PCO) after cataract surgery. The occurrence time of PCO in high myopia is earlier, the degree is heavier, the treatment risk is higher. Previous studies have shown that inflammatory response plays an important role in the pathogenesis of high myopia and PCO, and the inflammatory microenvironment in high myopia seems to be closely related to the occurrence of PCO. The elevated levels of inflammatory factors such as interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), and matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) in highly myopic eyes are involved in epithelial-mesenchymal transition and extracellular matrix contraction, which promotes the development of PCO.(Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2023, 47: 121-125) Related Articles | Metrics

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Appliance of fundus multimodal imaging in the diagnosis and follow-up of Coats disease Zhou Ziyi, Dou Guorui, Wang Yusheng International Review of Ophthalmology    2023, 47 (2): 156-162.   DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1673-5803.2023.02.011 Abstract （474）            Knowledge map    Save Coats disease is characterized by retinal telangiectasia. Fundus fluorescein angiography (FFA) is the authentic standard for the diagnosis of retinal vasodilation and leakage in Coats disease. In addition, fundus photography and ocular B-ultrasound are also widely used in the diagnosis and evaluation of Coats disease. While considering the lack of specificity in the examination results, their assistance in the diagnosis and follow-up of Coats disease are limited. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) could display the structural changes of each layer of the retina and clarify the pathological tissues, providing plenty of information for the clinical diagnosis of Coats disease. Optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) and ultra-widefield fluorescein angiography (UWFA) could accurately evaluate the pathological condition of Coats disease. At the same time, ultra-widefield fundus photograph (UWF) and colored photography have supplemented more information with traditional fundus photography techniques. Therefore, the combination of UWF and UWFA with OCT and OCTA can provide more comprehensive information for the diagnosis of Coats disease, and provide a more comprehensive means of follow-up, evaluation and further understanding of the pathogenesis for the Coats disease. (Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2023, 47: 156-162) Related Articles | Metrics

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The relationship between dome-shaped macula and refractive state and common complications Wang Gechun, , Yuan Fei International Review of Ophthalmology    2023, 47 (4): 339-344.   DOI: 10.3760/ cma.j.issn.1673-5803.2023.04.009 Abstract （470）            Knowledge map    Save Dome-shaped macula (DSM) shows an inward bulge of the retina and choroid in the macula area on optical coherence tomography. The exact pathogenesis of DSM remains unclear, but it is primarily associated with adaptive compensation due to localized sclera thickening. DSM exists in patients with myopia, emmetropia or hypermetropia,  and is more frequently observed in patients with high ametropia. The prevalence rate is about 10%~20% among high myopia people. Common complications of DSM include  serous retinal detachment, choroidal neovascularization, retinoschisis, macular hole and macular epiretinal membrane, etc. Currently, it needs to be further confirmed that whether DSM is a concomitant or a causal relationship with the occurrence of complications. For asymptomatic DSM, regular follow-up observation is recommended. If complications occur and significantly impair visual function, methods such as anti-vascular endothelial growth factor, photocoagulation, photodynamic therapy or manual therapy can be used. (Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2023, 47: 339-344) Related Articles | Metrics