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Delphi method and nominal group method for medical consensus formation Tao Yangxu, Li Jianjun International Review of Ophthalmology    2021, 45 (5): 369-373.   DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1673-5803.2021.05.001 Abstract （1306）      PDF（pc） （3381KB）（1522）       Knowledge map    Save Medical service providers are faced with the problem of how to make decisions when they are unable to reach an agreement due to the lack of scientific evidence or there are conflicting evidence on a certain issue. Making consensus is one of their solutions. This review introduces two common consensus formation methods, namely Delphi process and nominal group technique. Delphi process collects the opinions of relevant experts on a given problem through a questionnaire and makes repeated evaluation. Nominal group technique is to collect the views of relevant experts on a given problem through structured meetings and conduct repeated evaluation. (Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2021,45：369-373) Related Articles | Metrics

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Role of Müller cells in pathogenesis of retinal diseases Zhang Yue, Liu Hanruo International Review of Ophthalmology    2022, 46 (2): 179-184.   DOI: 10.3760/ cma.j.issn.1673-5803.2022.02.015 Abstract （1063）            Knowledge map    Save Müller cells are a kind of glial cells in the retina and responsible for the stability of the retinal structure and the protection of neurons, with the functions of regulating water and electrolyte balance, maintaining neurotransmitter homeostasis, regulating immune and inflammatory responses and regulating the activity of retinal neurons. When the retina is damaged, Müller cells will undergo reactive gliosis, which might be neuroprotective or neurodegenerative. The gliosis process is related to diabetic retinopathy, proliferative vitreoretinopathy, retinal detachment, ischemia, hypoxia and other retinal diseases.  (Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2022, 46:  179-184) Related Articles | Metrics

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Strategy and challenges of phacoemulsification in patients with thrombocytopenia Sun Caixia, Yuan Fei International Review of Ophthalmology    2021, 45 (3): 237-240.   DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1673-5803.2021.03.012 Abstract （1033）            Knowledge map    Save If the platelet count of cataract patients is below the lower limit of normal, incision bleeding, spontaneous hemorrhage of intraocular blood vessels and hyphema may occur during or following the cataract surgery, which seriously affects the safety and effect of surgery. For patients with very low platelet count, platelet transfusion or drugs should be used to increase platelet count before operation. In addition, the systemic condition and primary disease of patients with thrombocytopenia should be carefully evaluated before cataract surgery, and the best treatment plan should be chosen in cooperation with hematologists. (Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2021, 45: 237-240) Related Articles | Metrics

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T&E regimen for diabetic macular edema Yin Lidong, Jiang Bo, Zhang Zhongyu, Sun Dawei International Review of Ophthalmology    2021, 45 (6): 477-482.   DOI: 10.3760/ cma.j.issn.1673-5803.2021.06.003 Abstract （1027）      PDF（pc） （1463KB）（1411）       Knowledge map    Save The first-line clinical treatment for diabetic macular edema (DME) is intravitreal injection of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF). Treat and extend (T&E) is an active treatment regimen in which patients are treated until the lesion is stable and the interval of treatment can be extended or shortened during the follow-up period depending on whether the disease is stable. This regimen is being progressively used in the treatment of patients with DME. Compared with commonly used treatment regimens, the T&E regimen reduces the risk of fewer fixed injections per month and overtreatment while avoiding the possibility of undertreatment every two months. Follow-up intervals can be adjusted according to best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) or central retinal thickness (CRT), and regular treatment can improve vision and anatomy as compared to on-demand treatment regimens. However, there is no unified standard for the design of T&E protocol in the current study, and more clinical studies are needed to further standardize it. (Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2021, 45: 477-482) Related Articles | Metrics

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Techniques and progress of 24-hour intraocular pressure measurement Zhang Yuning, Yang Yangfan, Yu Minbin International Review of Ophthalmology    2021, 45 (6): 465-470.   DOI: 10.3760/ cma.j.issn.1673-5803.2021.06.001 Abstract （912）      PDF（pc） （1400KB）（1291）       Knowledge map    Save Intraocular pressure(IOP) has a fluctuation and circadian rhythm. Twenty-four-hour IOP is significant for the diagnosis, treatment and therapeutic assessment of glaucoma. In the clinic 24-hour IOP measurement via multiple IOP measurements by tonometers, fails to capture the true information of dynamic IOP. Implant tonometry consists of simple implant tonometry and compound implant tonometry, with a pressure sensor directly implanted in the eye to realize long-term or permanent IOP monitoring. Contact lens tonometry could monitor 24-hour IOP continuously by means of contact lenses inserted with a sensor that can detect corneal deformation related to IOP changes. Continuous tonometry shows a bright application prospect in studying the changes of IOP, and assisting in the diagnosis and therapeutic decision-making of glaucoma. (Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2021, 45: 465-470) Related Articles | Metrics

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The structure and function of Bruch’s membrane and its relationship with myopia Min Yalan, Liu Weifeng International Review of Ophthalmology    2021, 45 (3): 221-225.   DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1673-5803.2021.03.009 Abstract （864）            Knowledge map    Save Bruch membrane is divided into 5 layers between the pigment epithelium and the choroid, which regulates metabolism between choroid and retinal pigment epithelium to maintaining normal visual function. Its morphology and composition change with age, resulting in the decline of its function. Also, Bruch membrane plays an important role in the occurrence and progress of myopia, especially in high myopia. Bruch membrane opening, as the inner layer of the optic nerve head layers, is shifted in the temporal direction in the process of axial elongation. The lack of Bruch membrane at the temporal disc side is the histological equivalent of the parapapillary gamma zone. Gamma zone enlarges and the prevalence of Bruch membrane defects in the macular region increases with longer axial length. (Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2021, 45: 221-225) Related Articles | Metrics

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Mechanism and clinical application of tacrolimus in treatment of dry eye disease Zhang Zijie, Jia Zhe, Zhao Shaozhen International Review of Ophthalmology    2022, 46 (4): 318-323.   DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1673-5803.2022.04.005 Abstract （774）            Knowledge map    Save Dry eye disease (DED) is widely believed that immune-related inflammation plays an important role in its pathogenesis. Tacrolimus (FK506) has a certain therapeutic effect on ocular inflammation in dry eye by inhibiting calcineurin or MAPK pathway in T lymphocytes, NF-κB pathway in ocular surface cells, and apoptosis of ocular surface cells. Currently, studies on the topical use of tacrolimus in the treatment of dry eye have focused on dry eye with systemic immune diseases, including chronic graft-versus-host disease, Sjgren's syndrome, cicatoid pemphigoid, Steven-Johnson syndrome, etc.(Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2022, 46:  318-323) Related Articles | Metrics

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Prediction of effective lens position in intraocular lens calculation formula and its influencing factors Li Xiuyuan, Chang Pingjun, Zhao Yune International Review of Ophthalmology    2021, 45 (5): 409-414.   DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1673-5803.2021.05.008 Abstract （742）            Knowledge map    Save The prediction method of effective lens position (ELP) in different intraocular lens (IOL) calculation formulas (such as Holladay, SRK/T, Haigis, Hoffer Q, Olsen, Barrett Universal I formula, etc.) is different, and its accuracy is also different. In addition, ELP is a dynamic process after cataract surgery, which is affected by many factors, such as the material and shape of IOL, the shape and size of capsulorhexis, the method of capsulorhexis, the condition of the patient and so on.(Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2021, 45: 409-414) Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of menopause on dry eye in women Wang Yatong, Zhang Lei, Gao Honglian International Review of Ophthalmology    2023, 47 (1): 58-61.   DOI: 10.3760/ cma.j.issn.1673-5803.2023.01.011 Abstract （700）            Knowledge map    Save Dry eye is a multifactorial ocular surface disease that causes ocular pain, discomfort and vision loss, which seriously affects the quality of life of patients.Female is an important risk factor for dry eye, especially menopausal and postmenopausal women, suggesting that changes in level of sex hormone play an important role in the pathogenesis of dry eye. Sex hormones (estrogen, progesterone and androgen) affect the production of all components of tear, including water, lipids and mucins.Various mechanisms such as reduced level of sex hormone, altered feedback mechanisms, and changes in receptor receptivity interact to alter ocular surface homeostasis, resulting in dry eye. Several studies have shown the potential role of menopausal hormone therapy in dry eye among the menopausal and postmenopausal women. (Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2023, 47: 58-61) Related Articles | Metrics

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Treatment of microspherophakia Zheng Jialei, Deng Michael, Jiang Yongxiang International Review of Ophthalmology    2021, 45 (4): 295-299.   DOI: 10.3760/ cma.j.issn.1673-5803.2021.04.005 Abstract （639）            Knowledge map    Save Microspherophakia is a rare congenital disease characterized by increased anteroposterior diameter and reduced equatorial diameter. The common complications of microspherophakia include crystalline subluxation or dislocation and secondary glaucoma. The complications occur at an early time and lead to a high rate of blindness. Therefore, it's necessary to diagnose and treat the disease at the earliest. The treatment for microspherophakia can be divided into lens surgery and anti-glaucoma treatment. Lens surgery include lens aspiration +intraocular lens (IOL) implantation, lens aspiration + modified capsular tension ring (MCTR) implantation + IOL implantation, etc. Anti-glaucoma operations include YAG laser iridotomy, trabeculectomy and so on. Currently, there is no unified treatment method, and there are many feasible treatment methods according to the severity of complications. The visual acuity recovers obviously after the lens operation, but different anti-glaucoma treatments have different effects on intraocular pressure control. The long-term effectiveness and safety of the treatments remain to be observed. (Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2021, 45: 295-299) Related Articles | Metrics

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Application of OCTA parameters in diagnosis and treatment of eye diseases Li Yingying, Feng Jie, Ding Tianjiao International Review of Ophthalmology    2022, 46 (1): 11-16.   DOI: 10.3760/ cma.j.issn.1673-5803.2022.01.003 Abstract （630）            Knowledge map    Save Optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) is a new technique for ocular vascular imaging, which has been widely used in the angiogenesis of retina, choroid and optic nerve. It can provide not only the morphological information of retinal vessels, but also the quantitative measurement of fundus vascular density. OCTA measurement parameters include macular superficial retinal capillary network (superficial capillary plexus, SCP) density, retinal deep capillary network (deep capillary plexus, DCP) density and macular fovea non-vascular area (foveal avascular zone, FAZ) area and so on. Retinal microvascular system is an important basis for maintaining visual function, and retinal vascular density is an index to measure the state of retinal microvascular circulation. Macular SCP density, DCP density and FAZ area are related to the occurrence and development of many eye diseases, such as retinal obstructive disease, macular hole, diabetic retinopathy, high myopia, central serous chorioretinopathy and age-related macular degeneration. It is of great clinical significance to observe the early changes of fundus blood flow and to explore the pathogenesis and curative effect evaluation of related ocular diseases by OCTA.(Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2022, 46: 11-16) Related Articles | Metrics

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Diagnosis and treatment of ocular hemangioendothelioma International Review of Ophthalmology    2021, 45 (4): 357-363.   DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1673-5803.2021.04.017 Abstract （624）            Knowledge map    Save Hemangioendothelioma is a rare borderline or low-grade malignant angiogenic tumor, which mainly occurs in the soft tissue, liver, lung, bone and other parts of the body. It is generally infiltrative growth and occasionally metastasis. Ocular hemangioendothelioma is a more rare type of hemangioma, and there is no unified diagnosis for its characteristics and lack of treatment guidelines. Ocular hemangioendothelioma is mainly located in the orbit, but sometimes also in the eyelid and lacrimal organ. The clinical manifestations were eyelid swelling and exophthalmos. Imaging examination often showed local infiltration and growth of tumor with destruction of orbital bone, and systemic metastasis was rare. Most of the pathological changes were vascular endothelial cell proliferation. Immunohistochemical staining showed that CD31 and CD34 were positive. The main treatment is local complete resection of the tumor, but the bleeding tendency of the tumor should be paid attention to during the operation. Surgical combined with radiotherapy and chemotherapy is still a safe treatment for primary orbital hemangioendothelioma. (Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2021, 45: 357-363) Related Articles | Metrics

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Tear osmolarity and dry eye disease Fang Zijie, Zhang Chen, Zhao Shaozhen International Review of Ophthalmology    2022, 46 (6): 559-565.   DOI: 10.3760/ cma.j.issn.1673-5803.2022.06.015 Abstract （589）            Knowledge map    Save Increased tear osmolarity is the prominent manifestation and core mechanism of dry eye disease. It can be measured by a variety of methods such as measurements upon electric impedance. Tear osmolarity fluctuates in a certain range which affected by self and environmental factors. The alteration of tear osmolarity is closely related to dry eye disease caused by multiple reasons. Increased tear osmolarity would cause inflammatory response, cell autophagy and oxidative stress.  Tear osmolarity provides more ideas for exploring the pathogenesis and treatment effect of dry eye. (Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2022, 46:  559-565) Related Articles | Metrics

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Performance of choroidal tumors on optical coherence tomography and optical coherence tomography angiography Wang Qimiao, Wei Pinghui, Xie Shiyong, Pang Yaju International Review of Ophthalmology    2021, 45 (6): 499-505.   DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1673-5803.2021.06.007 Abstract （559）            Knowledge map    Save Optical coherence tomography(OCT) can be used for the observation and diagnosis of choroidal tumors(such as choroidal melanoma, choroidal metastasis, choroidal hemangioma, choroidal osteoma, etc.). The tumor surface morphology, the degree of retinal edema, the retinal inferior fluid, photoreceptor layer changes, retinal structural integrity, choroidal thickness, and abnormal reflection structure can be described qualitatively and quantitatively by OCT. Optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) can observe the characteristics of retinal and choroidal blood flow in the tumor and its surrounding tissues, and guide the treatment of choroidal tumors to a certain extent. (Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2021, 45: 499-505) Related Articles | Metrics

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Residual astigmatism after Toric intraocular lens implantation Wei Ke, Zhao Zhennan, Jiang Yongxiang International Review of Ophthalmology    2022, 46 (1): 16-21.   DOI: 10.3760/ cma.j.issn.1673-5803.2022.01.004 Abstract （526）            Knowledge map    Save Toric intraocular lenses is a stable and effective solution for astigmatism in cataract patients. While unexpected postoperative residual astigmatism remains in some patients, which will affect the postoperative visual quality. The common causes of postoperative residual astigmatism include instrument measurement error, calculation error, operation related factors and intraocular lens rotation, etc. In order to reduce postoperative residual astigmatism, appropriate treatment should be adopted according to the severity and causes, such as using glasses, contact lenses or femtosecond laser assisted excimer laser insitu keratomileusis (FS-LASIK), etc. and intraocular lens realignment of necessary. (Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2022, 46: 16-21) Related Articles | Metrics

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Diagnosis and treatment of orbital schwannoma Wang Weiqi, Ma Jianmin International Review of Ophthalmology    2022, 46 (3): 283-288，封三.   DOI: 10.3760/ cma.j.issn.1673-5803.2022.03.016 Abstract （522）            Knowledge map    Save Orbital neurilemmoma is one of the most common orbital tumors and commonly presents as proptosis. Typical schwannoma are mainly composed of alternately distributed AntoniA and AntoniB tumor cells, most of which are AntoniA tumor cells. MRI was taken as the first choice on clinical diagnosis, and CT examination as accessory examnation, the latter mainly observing the tumor's effect on the surrounding bone mass.Histopathological examination is the gold standard for diagnosis.Attention needs to be paid to the differential diagnosis with cavernous hemangioma, malignant orbital schwannoma and so on. The most effective treatment is still surgery, and optimal treatment has not yet been found. (Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2022, 46: 283-288, cover III) Related Articles | Metrics

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Pathogenesis and treatment of neurotrophic keratitis Zhang Zhen, Zhang Yue, Li Mengxi, Li Li International Review of Ophthalmology    2021, 45 (4): 326-330.   DOI: 10.3760/ cma.j.issn.1673-5803.2021.04.011 Abstract （520）            Knowledge map    Save Neurotrophic keratitis is a kind of refractory corneal disease. Trigeminal nerve injury due to various reasons could lead to changes in nerve morphology, decreased secretion function and sensitivity, which would trigger corneal inflammatory response, causes epithelial defects, delayed healing, corneal ulcers and a series of pathological changes. At present, the new treatment strategy is mainly the use of nerve growth factor (NGF). Although nerve transplantation is proved to be effective by clinical practice, the difficulty of surgery and the risk of trauma make it need further clinical study. Pergolide and nanomicelle curcumin are expected to provide new therapeutic ideas for clinical use.(Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2021, 45: 326-330) Related Articles | Metrics

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Advance in the study of expulsive suprachoroidal hemorrhage Huang Yi, Hu Haijian, Zhang Xu International Review of Ophthalmology    2022, 46 (6): 522-527.   Abstract （504）            Knowledge map    Save Expulsive suprachoroidal hemorrhage (ESCH) is a rare,  but one of the most severe and frightening complication of intraocular surgery. It may involve the ciliary body,  vitreous,  and retina,  and can cause complete loss of vision. The pathogenesis of ESCH is unclear,  but it is related to choroid tissue composition and blood supply. Previous studies have shown that one of the most important triggers of ESCH is the sudden drop of intraocular pressure,  which often occurs during and after cataract surgery,  glaucoma surgery and vitrectomy.B-scan ultrasonography can diagnose ESCH and observe the degree of coagulation in the suprachoroidal space,  which helps to determine the timing of surgery. Surgery is the most important treatment for ESCH, early suprachoroidal drainage can save the remaining vision,  but the effectiveness of different drainage methods is controversial. ESCH can be effectively avoided by paying attention to the management of risk factors before surgery,  careful operation during surgery and timely detection of suprachoroidal hemorrhage (SCH). (Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2022, 46:  522-527) Related Articles | Metrics

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Relationship and differential diagnosis between IgG4-related ocular diseases and ocular adnexal lymphoma Liu Rui, Ma Jianmin International Review of Ophthalmology    2021, 45 (4): 364-368.   DOI: 10.3760/ cma.j.issn.1673-5803.2021.04.018 Abstract （502）            Knowledge map    Save Immunoglobuling4-related ophthalmic disease (IgG4-ROD) is a common ocular disease that can develop into lymphoma, but the mechanism of its occurrence is unknown. Ocular adnexal lymphoma is the most common ocular malignancy in adults. The clinical manifestations and imaging features of IgG4-ROD and ocular adnexal lymphoma are similar, so it is difficult to distinguish them based on clinical manifestations and imaging changes alone. The results of histopathological examination and genetic test are still the gold standard for the identification of them.(Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2021, 45: 364-368) Related Articles | Metrics

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Research progress of tafluprost eye drops in the treatment of glaucoma Sun Longyan, Shi Yan, Fan Zhigang International Review of Ophthalmology    2023, 47 (3): 193-202.   DOI: 10.3760/ cma.j.issn.1673-5803.2023.03.001 Abstract （494）      PDF（pc） （2089KB）（873）       Knowledge map    Save Tafluprost is a prostaglandin analogue (PGA) with strong FP receptor affinity, which was first reported in 2003. Whereafter, Tafluprost eye drops, as the first originally developed preservative-free PGA agent, came on the market, and has been used as the first-line drug in the treatment of open-angle glaucoma and ocular hypertension. The unique difluoride atomic structure gives tafluprost stronger metabolic stability, making it perform similar efficacy with a lower concentration compared to other PGA. A large number of clinical studies on tafluprost eye drops have confirmed its effect of reducing intraocular pressure, and the adverse reactions occur less and to a lesser degree. In addition to reducing intraocular pressure, tafluprost is considered to have other pharmacological effects, including ocular blood flow improvement and optic nerve protection, as well as a protective effect on other ocular tissues. Recent clinical trials have begun to focus more on the evaluation of the safety of preservative-free tafluprost eye drops, especially for the ocular surface condition. In 2022, the preservative-free tafluprost eye drops (Tapros) were marketed in China. This article will review the pharmacological mechanism and pharmacokinetics of tafluprost, and discuss its clinical efficacy, safety, and tolerability of preservative-free tafluprost eye drops to provide clinical guidance. (Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2023, 47: 193-202) Related Articles | Metrics

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Progress in application of KDB abinterno trabeculectomy on glaucoma treatment Ju Hong, Cai Hongying International Review of Ophthalmology    2021, 45 (4): 280-284.   DOI: 10.3760/ cma.j.issn.16735803.2021.04.002 Abstract （490）            Knowledge map    Save As one of the minimally invasive glaucoma surgeries, KDB Abinterno trabeculectomy can remove trabecular meshwork in a wide range without destroying adjacent tissues, reducing the resistance of aqueous outflow, and thus reducing intraocular pressure. It has certain therapeutic effects on a variety of types of glaucoma. Compared with filtration bleb dependent surgery, it is simple, less complications, high safety, does not destroy the conjunctiva, and does not affect the subsequent operation. This article reviews the principle, procedure, efficacy, safety and combined operation of KDB abinterno trabeculectomy for glaucoma. (Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2021, 45: 280-284) Related Articles | Metrics

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Pilomatricoma of the eyelid Ma Qiannan, Ma Jianmin, Ding Yi International Review of Ophthalmology    2022, 46 (6): 571-576.   DOI: 10.3760/ cma.j.issn.1673-5803.2022.06.017 Abstract （476）            Knowledge map    Save Eyelid pilomatricoma is a benign tumor originating from the stromal cells of the skin follicle and presents primarily as a painless, firm lump, typically composed of basophils cells, shadow cells and transitional cells. The clinical presentation is complex and variable, and the rate of misdiagnosis is relatively high. It is important to note that this disease needs to be distinguished from sebaceous cysts and eyelid hemangiomas from each other. Ultrasound examination is an important method for diagnosing this disease, and histopathology is the "gold standard" for diagnosing this disease. The treatment is mainly surgical resection with a good postoperative prognosis,and optimal treatment has not been found. (Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2022, 46:  571-576) Related Articles | Metrics

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Ocular manifestations and advances of phacomatosis pigmentovascularis Huang Shitong, Yang Yangfan, Yu Minbin International Review of Ophthalmology    2021, 45 (4): 300-306.   DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1673-5803.2021.04.006 Abstract （462）            Knowledge map    Save Phacomatosis pigmentovascularis (PPV) is a congenital syndrome characterized by diffuse epidermal capillary malformation and pigmented nevus. PPV also have systemic involvement. Ocular manifestations of PPV include glaucoma, periocular erythema, retinal vascular abnormalities, choroidal hemangioma, ocular melanocytosis, iris hererochromia, iris mammillation and fundus hyperpigmentation. Extracutaneous complications of PPV are the key in the treatment. The treatment of its associated glaucoma is challenge and most still refer to the treatment of glaucoma complicated with Sturge-Weber syndrome.(Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2021, 45: 300-306) Related Articles | Metrics

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Methods for measuring strabismus objectively Zhou Yusong, Zhuang Yijing, Li Jinrong International Review of Ophthalmology    2022, 46 (1): 76-79.   DOI: 10.3760/ cma.j.issn.1673-5803.2022.01.015 Abstract （457）            Knowledge map    Save Strabismus measurement is of great significance in the diagnosis and treatment of strabismus. Among a series of examinations, the measurement of deviation is particularly important. Currently, the results assessed by the prism-cover test (PCT) are mainly used as the "gold standard" in clinical practice. However, it relies strongly on the experience and subjective judgment of the examiner. Therefore, to improve the repeatability and objectivity of the evaluation procedures, and reduce the difficulty and time of the examination, attempts were made to develop objective automated strabismus measurement devices.They base on virtual reality (VR), infrared camera, or eye tracker, to perform the objective measurement of strabismus by simulating the traditional inspection methods or using some other novel methods. (Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2022, 46: 76-79) Related Articles | Metrics

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Complications related to implantable collamer lens (ICL) Zhang Hao, Deng Yingping International Review of Ophthalmology    2022, 46 (2): 97-103.   DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1673-5803.2022.02.001 Abstract （456）      PDF（pc） （803KB）（1505）       Knowledge map    Save Implantable collamer lens（ICL) implantation is a common refractive surgery. The amount of ICL implantation is increasing year by year, especially the new type of V4c ICL. The efficacy and safety of the operation have been recognized by doctors and patients with the application of the new type ICL (V4c). It is necessary to summarize the complications in the use of V4c ICL in order to make better clinical application. This review summarizes the common and rare postoperative complications of ICL in the refractive surgery, such as the analysis of corneal endothelial cell density, intraocular pressure, vault ect. Compared with V4 ICL, the incidence of complications such as corneal endothelial cell loss, anterior subcapsular cataract and pupil block after V4c ICL is lower, but the postoperative optical related complications and abnormal vault still exist.(Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2022, 46:  97-103) Related Articles | Metrics

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Corneal epithelial thickness changes after refractive surgery and related influencing factors Yang Fan, Yang Liu, Huang Yue International Review of Ophthalmology    2023, 47 (1): 53-57.   DOI: 10.3760/ cma.j.issn.1673-5803.2023.01.010 Abstract （443）            Knowledge map    Save Human corneal epithelium has strong ability to remodel itself. When the corneal surface is irregular, the corneal epithelium will reshape the cornea in the form of thickening to a certain extent. The corneal surface changes after corneal laser surgery, which will stimulate the rearrangement of corneal epithelial cells, showing the change of corneal epithelial thickness. The epithelial remodeling is related to surgical procedure, refractive error correction, laser ablation depth and area. Transepithelial photorefractive keratectomy (Trans-PRK) showed obvious epithelial thickening one month after operation, and the thickening area was mainly in the peripheral area; femtosecond laser-assisted in situkeratomileusis (FS-LASIK) and femtosecond laser small incision lenticule extraction (SMILE) showed obvious thickening one week after operation. The difference is that FS-LASIK thickening area is mainly the para-central area, while SMILE thickening area is the peripheral area. The influence of corneal epithelial thickness on postoperative visual acuity, postoperative diopter prediction and corneal refractive stability should not be ignored. (Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2023, 47: 53-57) Related Articles | Metrics

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International Review of Ophthalmology    2023, 47 (2): 169-.   Abstract （437）      PDF（pc） （680KB）（946）       Knowledge map    Save Related Articles | Metrics

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Pathogenesis and malignant transformation mechanism of IgG4-related ophthalmic diseases Yan Haihan, Ma Jianmin International Review of Ophthalmology    2023, 47 (2): 163-169.   DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1673-5803.2023.02.012 Abstract （431）            Knowledge map    Save IgG4-related ophthalmic disease (IgG4-ROD) is an occult-progressive disease characterized by IgG4 and plasma cell infiltration, mattostriate fibrosis, and occlusive phlebitis in tumor-like tissues. At present, the pathogenesis and malignant mechanism of IgG4-ROD remain unclear. After pathogen infection, the pathogen recognition receptor encoded by the innate immune recognition germ line activates B cells, and promotes the activation and class switch to IgG4 of B cells with the assistance of Tfh cells, resulting in the infiltration of IgG4 in tissues. B cells activate cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) cells, which together with CTL cells promote fibrosis. IgG4-ROD can malicious change into mucosa associated lymphoid tissue type (MALT),  immunity and inflammation may be involved in the pathogenesis.(Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2023, 47: 163-169) Related Articles | Metrics

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Role of exosomes in the pathogenesis and treatment of fundus diseases Fan Xiaole, Jiang Bo, Sun Dawei, Zhang Zhongyu International Review of Ophthalmology    2021, 45 (5): 442-448.   DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1673-5803.2021.05.014 Abstract （424）            Knowledge map    Save Exosomes are small vesicles secreted into the extracellular cells after the fusion of intracellular polycystic bodies and cytoplasmic membranes. Exosomes contain a variety of active substances, and their roles in intercellular communication, disease progression or as biomarkers have been gradually concerned by researchers of fundus diseases. Studies have shown that exosome is involved in the pathological process of wet age-related macular degeneration (wAMD), while mesenchymal stem cell exosomes reduce the transcription and translation of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in wAMD. In rat diabetic retinopathy, IgG-containing exosomes in plasma activate the classical complement pathway in the retina to promote endothelial injury; while mesenchymal stem cell derived exosomes containing miR-126 can limit endothelial cell injury. In ischemic retinopathy, exosomes of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells restore retinal function in ischemic mice. Studies on patients with macular hole showed that mesenchymal stem cell exosomes isolated from human umbilical cord tissue combined with vitrectomy had therapeutic effect on macular hole. Exosomes secreted by mesenchymal stem cells in patients with retinal detachment can inhibit the apoptosis of photoreceptor cells. Detection of exosome markers in patients with uveal melanoma is expected to be an early diagnosis method for uveal melanoma. Exosomes secreted by microglia have protective effect on retinoprthy of prematurity. With the understanding of exosome system and its related signal transmission mechanism and disease outcome process in fundus diseases, it is of great significance to optimize treatment and prevention of fundus diseases. (Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2020, 45：442-448) Related Articles | Metrics

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Ocular abnormities after COVID-19 vaccination Gao Min, Sun Xuguang , Xiao Yang International Review of Ophthalmology    2022, 46 (5): 385-390.   DOI: 10.3760/ cma.j.issn.1673-5803.2022.05.001 Abstract （416）      PDF（pc） （756KB）（677）       Knowledge map    Save Vaccination remains one of the most effective interventions in human history against different viral infections. Definitly the benefits of the COVID-19 vaccine in preventing COVID-19 are well established. Reports of ocular adverse effects after COVID-19 vaccinations have emerged simultaneously. The ocular adverse effects may appear on the eyelid, cornea and sclera, retina, uvea, nerve and vessel. Clinical manifestations include keratitis, uveitis, retinitis, nerve palsy and vascular obstruction. The review summarizes ocular adverse effects possibly associated with COVID-19 vaccination，in order to raise our concern for the ocular manifestations after COVID-19 vaccination. (Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2022, 46: 385-390) Related Articles | Metrics

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Ocular features and treatment of Goldenhar syndrome A Tingxi, Fu Yao International Review of Ophthalmology    2022, 46 (3): 267-272.   DOI: 10.3760/ cma.j.issn.1673-5803.2022.03.013 Abstract （405）            Knowledge map    Save Goldenhar syndrome is a rare, congenital malformation syndrome characterized by dysplasia of structures driving from the first and second branchial arches. The etiology is complex and varied with the influence of genetic and environmental factors, but the specific pathogenesis is still poorly elucidated. The main manifestations are cranial and facial dysplasia, and other organs or systems may be involved. The ocular manifestations of Goldenhar syndrome are complex and diverse, involving the anterior segment, eyelid and appendages, posterior segment, extraocular muscle and orbit, among which epibulbar choristoma and upper eyelid coloboma are the most common abnormalities. Personalized treatment should be developed according to patients' conditions. Surgical treatment is the main treatment for ocular abnormalities. Early intervention is recommended for the sake of visual development and psychosocial health of patients. (Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2022, 46: 267-272) Related Articles | Metrics

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Research progress on conjunctival melanoma Wang Jinjin, Li Jing, Ma Jianmin International Review of Ophthalmology    2021, 45 (5): 386-392.   DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1673-5803.2021.05.004 Abstract （405）            Knowledge map    Save Conjunctival melanoma (CM) is a rare tumor with a mortality rate of 30%. This kind of tumor shows the worst prognosis among conjunctival malignant tumors. CM is caused by the malignant transformation of melanocytes in the basal layer of conjunctival epithelium. In some patients,  the corresponding conjunctival pigmented lesions before conjunctival melanoma,  such as primary pigmented melanosis and conjunctival pigmented nevus can be found. It is most common in the bulbar conjunctiva or corneoscleral margin,  but also in the palpebral conjunctiva. CM can invade the eyeball or orbit,  and metastasize to local lymph nodes,  brain and other organs. Histopathological examination is the gold standard for diagnosis. Most CM can be resected with surgery. Postoperative adjuvant therapy can reduce the risk of local recurrence and distant metastasis.(Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2020, 45: 386-392) Related Articles | Metrics

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Pathogenesis of Terson syndrome International Review of Ophthalmology    2023, 47 (1): 42-46.   DOI: 10.3760/ cma.j.issn.1673-5803.2023.01.008 Abstract （396）            Knowledge map    Save Terson syndrome is an intraocular hemorrhage caused by intracranial hemorrhage, which is particularly common in patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage. At present, the specific pathogenesis of Terson syndrome is not clear, but the current mainstream pathogenesis is as follows: first, intracranial hemorrhage leads to increased intracranial pressure, and increased intracranial pressure leads to blocked retinal venous reflux, resulting in venous obstructive bleeding; the other is intracranial hemorrhage along the optic nerve sheath into the eye, causing intraocular hemorrhage. Recently, the lymphatic system from the intracranial to the eyeball has become a new research direction of this disease, providing another possibility for the pathogenesis of Terson syndrome and possibly a new way of thinking for other ophthalmic diseases. (Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2023, 47: 42-46) Related Articles | Metrics

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Classification and progress of glaucoma surgery Li Xiangji, He Xiangge, Zhu Xiaomin, Jing Jin, Wang Wei, Xie Lin International Review of Ophthalmology    2021, 45 (4): 273-279.   DOI: 10.3760/ cma.j.issn.1673-5803.2021.04.001 Abstract （391）      PDF（pc） （1126KB）（1492）       Knowledge map    Save Surgery is an important intervention in treatment of glaucoma. In this article, according to the different mechanisms of intraocular pressure (IOP) lowering classifies the surgical procedures into two categories: increasing drainage of aqueous humor and reducing the generation of aqueous humor. Additionally, the basis of the drainage pathways, divides the increasing drainage of aqueous humor type into two subtypes: external drainage and internal drainage which includes Schelemm canal drainage approach and suprachoroidal space drainage approach. Reducing the generation of aqueous humor is divided into three subtypes: cyclophotocoagulation, ultrasond cycloplasty (UCP), cyclocryotherapy. Currently, combined trabeculectomy remains the mainstream procedure of external drainage surgery and various glaucoma drainage devices have been used in clinic. In terms of internal drainage surgery, among the procedures of Schlemm canal drainage approach, internal or external 360°transluminal trabeculotomy, trabeculotomes and microstents have been gradually applied in clinic, and achieve excellent surgical outcome. The safety and efficacy of the implant devices relying on suprachoroidal space drainage approach need further studies. New types of aqueous humor generation reduction procedure are becoming safer and controllable and no longer limited to the treatment of blind advanced glaucoma patient. (Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2021, 45: 273-279) Related Articles | Metrics

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Evaluation of clinical severity in intermittent exotropia Luo Dan, Yu Xinping International Review of Ophthalmology    2022, 46 (6): 481-485.   DOI: 10.3760/ cma.j.issn.1673-5803.2022.06.001 Abstract （381）      PDF（pc） （1043KB）（744）       Knowledge map    Save Evaluation of the severity of intermittent exotropia is important to understand the progress of the disease and the determining of treatment. At present, it is mainly focus on three aspects: deviation amplitude, stereopsis and fusion control. The prism alternative cover test was routinely used to measure deviation amplitude, but sometimes the patient's maximum deviation amplitude not be obtained. By use of staring at 30 m visual markers, staring at outdoor visual markers, cover test and prism adaptation test, we tried to break the binocular fusion to get a greater degree of strabismus. Titmus stereopsis and Randot stereopsis were mainly used to measure stereopsis in clinic, but the results of the two methods were quite different, which was related to the design of stereopsis. In addition, binocular viewing glasses, measuring environment, viewing angle may affect the measurement results.Fusion control was assessed by Newcastle control score and Office control score,but both were significantly influenced by family subjectivity or patient compliance, the new LACTOSE control rating may be a more appropriate IXT control rating tool.In addition, the consistency of deviation amplitude, stereopsis and fusion control is poor, and the clinical judgment of the severity of patients also needs comprehensive consideration. Therefore, it is necessary to understand the characteristics and influencing factors of each evaluation method when interpreting the evaluation results of IXT. (Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2022,  46: 481-485) Related Articles | Metrics

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Changes of axial length and refractive status and related factors after cataract surgery in infants with congenital cataract Qian Shuyi, Zhao Yune International Review of Ophthalmology    2021, 45 (4): 307-311.   DOI: 10.3760/ cma.j.issn.1673-5803.2021.04.007 Abstract （376）            Knowledge map    Save The changes of axial length, keratometry and refractive status after infantile cataract surgery are important for surgical timing of secondary intraocular lens (IOL) implantation and calculation of IOL power. The growth rate of axial length is related to age of surgery, laterality of congenital cataract (unilateral or bilateral), postoperative complications and so on. Postoperative myopia shift is difficult to predict due to axial elongation, and it is also affected by the age of surgery, the timing of intraocular lens implantation and the value of target refraction.(Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2021, 45: 307-311) Related Articles | Metrics

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Research status of dome-shaped macula in high myopia Yao Ailin , Chu Yanhua International Review of Ophthalmology    2023, 47 (2): 131-137.   DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1673-5803.2023.02.007 Abstract （375）            Knowledge map    Save As a progressive pathological condition, dome-shaped macula (DSM) is characterized by an inward convexity or bulge of the retinal pigment epithelium in the macular region, with the bulge height over than 50  μm, which occurs mostly in patients with high myopia. The pathogenesis of DSM development remains unclear; several hypotheses have been suggested, such as tangential vitreoretinal traction, localized thickening of sclera and choroid in the macular area, and macular Bruch’s membrane defect. DSM is often accompanied by serous retinal detachment, choroidal neovascularization, macular splits and other complications, thus increasing the risk of visual impairment. Clinically, asymptomatic patients with DSM mainly take regular follow-up observation. When serous retinal detachment and significant visual impairment appear, treatment with half-dose photodynamic therapy, supplementary of laser photocoagulation or oral mineral corticoid receptor antagonists may have a beneficial effect. However, more large clinical studies are required to confirm the exact efficacy of these treatments. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) and related fundus image examinations provide objective evidences for clinical diagnosis. OCT can visually display the inward bulge of the macula and other changes associated with it. (Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2023, 47: 131-137) Related Articles | Metrics

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Visual impairment and visual rehabilitation after stroke Wang Xue, Wu Jun, Zhou Jinqiong International Review of Ophthalmology    2022, 46 (4): 370-377.   DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1673-5803.2022.04.016 Abstract （367）            Knowledge map    Save Visual impairment is the common complication of stroke, which can be manifested in three aspects: visual sensory impairment, visual dyskinesia and visual perception impairment. Visual impairment can significantly affect the visual perception and quality of life of patients, and hinder the overall rehabilitation process of the whole body. Visual sensory impairment includes visual acuity decline and visual field defects. The needs of visual function can be met through glasses and visual aids instruments. The rehabilitation means of visual field defects include alternative treatment, compensatory training and restorative treatment. Visual dyskinesia include strabismus and eye movement disorders, and their treatment include eye movement training, prism, covering, medicine and strabismus correction surgery. Visual neglect is the most common form of visual perception disorder, and its treatment include acupuncture and various modern rehabilitation methods. The effective treatment and rehabilitation of visual impairment provide good visual conditions for the whole-body rehabilitation of stroke patients. (Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2022, 46:  370-377) Related Articles | Metrics

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Intraocular lens power calculation formulas in eyes of previous corneal refractive surgery Yu Yangfan, Song Xudong International Review of Ophthalmology    2022, 46 (5): 460-464.   DOI: 10.3760/ cma.j.issn.1673-5803.2022.05.014 Abstract （350）            Knowledge map    Save Nowadays patients who got laser corneal refractive surgery years ago began to develop cataracts. Because of the cornea changes caused by the surgery, the traditional intraocular lens (IOL) formula is not applicable for producing large postoperative refractive errors. The error sources include the measurement error of the cornea anterior surface curvature radius, corneal refractive power, the axial length, and the position of the effective intraocular lens. The formulas that do not require preoperative data before refractive surgery, such as Hoffer Q formula, Barrett True-K formula, Shammas-PL formula, etc., can be applied on the patients who had undergone the laser corneal refractive surgery. The accuracy and predictability of the new generation IOL formulas based on ray tracing principles or artificial intelligence, including Olsen formula, EVO formula, Hill-RBF formula, Kane formula, etc., have been confirmed in the calculation of intraocular lens power in patients undergoing conventional cataract surgery. However, the application value of those new generation IOL formulas in the patients after laser corneal refractive surgery still needs further research to confirm.(Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2022, 46: 460-464) Related Articles | Metrics

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Research progress in Norrie disease Gao Xiang, Wang Yusheng International Review of Ophthalmology    2021, 45 (5): 437-442.   DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1673-5803.2021.05.013 Abstract （349）            Knowledge map    Save Norrie’s disease is an X-linked recessive disorder characterized by retinal dysplasia and congenital or infantile blindness. Mutations in the Norrie’s disease protein (NDP) gene, which located on chromosome Xp11.3 might affect the formation of key disulfide bonds in the cystine-knot motif of norrin protein. The ocular phenotype in Norrie’s disease is typically characterized by a glistening mass known as a “pseudoglioma” behind the lens and thick fibrovascular proliferative vitreoretinopathy attached to the posterior aspect of the lens, and the extra-ocular manifestations of Norrie’s disease include hearing loss, cognitive impairment, behavior disturbance and seizures. Prenatal diagnosis and early retinal laser photocoagulation or vitrectomy intervention can improve the natural course of patients with Norrie’s disease to some extent. (Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2021, 45：437-442) Related Articles | Metrics