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Research progress of environmental factors and genetic factors associated with high myopia CHEN Meng-meng, QI Yan-hua International Review of Ophthalmology    DOI: 10.3760/ cma.j.issn.1673-5803.2017.01.001

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Roles of oxidative stress in diabetic retinopathy Liu Yu, Li Lele, Sang Aimin International Review of Ophthalmology    2022, 46 (1): 5-10.   DOI: 10.3760/ cma.j.issn.1673-5803.2022.01.002 Abstract （405）      PDF（pc） （2100KB）（2951）       Knowledge map    Save Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is not only a common complication of diabetic patients, but also one of the serious microvascular complications. There are many reasons for the occurrence of DR, the exact pathogenesis is still unclear, but oxidative stress has an important relationship with the occurrence and development of DR. Oxidative stress activates DR through advanced glycation end products (AGE) pathway, polyol pathway, hexosamine pathway and protein kinase C (PKC) pathway, generates a large number of reactive oxygen species (ROS), damages retina, leads to oxidative damage of DNA, and finally leads to apoptosis. The increase of oxidative stress level activates cytokines, and cytokines can further up regulate the level of oxidative stress and form a vicious circle. (Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2022, 46: 5-10) Related Articles | Metrics

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Classification and progress of glaucoma surgery Li Xiangji, He Xiangge, Zhu Xiaomin, Jing Jin, Wang Wei, Xie Lin International Review of Ophthalmology    2021, 45 (4): 273-279.   DOI: 10.3760/ cma.j.issn.1673-5803.2021.04.001 Abstract （657）      PDF（pc） （1126KB）（4062）       Knowledge map    Save Surgery is an important intervention in treatment of glaucoma. In this article, according to the different mechanisms of intraocular pressure (IOP) lowering classifies the surgical procedures into two categories: increasing drainage of aqueous humor and reducing the generation of aqueous humor. Additionally, the basis of the drainage pathways, divides the increasing drainage of aqueous humor type into two subtypes: external drainage and internal drainage which includes Schelemm canal drainage approach and suprachoroidal space drainage approach. Reducing the generation of aqueous humor is divided into three subtypes: cyclophotocoagulation, ultrasond cycloplasty (UCP), cyclocryotherapy. Currently, combined trabeculectomy remains the mainstream procedure of external drainage surgery and various glaucoma drainage devices have been used in clinic. In terms of internal drainage surgery, among the procedures of Schlemm canal drainage approach, internal or external 360°transluminal trabeculotomy, trabeculotomes and microstents have been gradually applied in clinic, and achieve excellent surgical outcome. The safety and efficacy of the implant devices relying on suprachoroidal space drainage approach need further studies. New types of aqueous humor generation reduction procedure are becoming safer and controllable and no longer limited to the treatment of blind advanced glaucoma patient. (Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2021, 45: 273-279) Related Articles | Metrics

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Research progress on ocular administration methods Chen Xinyi, He Ting, Shen Ting International Review of Ophthalmology    2023, 47 (3): 210-217.   DOI: 10.3760/ cma.j.issn.1673-5803.2023.03.003 Abstract （553）      PDF（pc） （1075KB）（3037）       Knowledge map    Save In recent years, various new dosage forms of ocular drugs have been developed, such as nano preparations (including nanoparticles, nanospheres, nanoemulsions, nanosuspensions, nanoliposomes, nanomicelles, fluorescent nano and dendritic macromolecules, etc.), sustained-release gels (including temperature-sensitive, pH, ionic and self-assembled peptide hydrogels, etc.), contact lenses, implants, microneedles, etc., which effectively improve the bioavailability of ocular drug administration, patient compliance, and achieve continuous administration, reduce drug side effects, and reduce chronic damage to the eyes , improves the therapeutic effect of eye medication. (Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2023, 47: 210-217) Related Articles | Metrics

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Research progress of tafluprost eye drops in the treatment of glaucoma Sun Longyan, Shi Yan, Fan Zhigang International Review of Ophthalmology    2023, 47 (3): 193-202.   DOI: 10.3760/ cma.j.issn.1673-5803.2023.03.001 Abstract （750）      PDF（pc） （2089KB）（2782）       Knowledge map    Save Tafluprost is a prostaglandin analogue (PGA) with strong FP receptor affinity, which was first reported in 2003. Whereafter, Tafluprost eye drops, as the first originally developed preservative-free PGA agent, came on the market, and has been used as the first-line drug in the treatment of open-angle glaucoma and ocular hypertension. The unique difluoride atomic structure gives tafluprost stronger metabolic stability, making it perform similar efficacy with a lower concentration compared to other PGA. A large number of clinical studies on tafluprost eye drops have confirmed its effect of reducing intraocular pressure, and the adverse reactions occur less and to a lesser degree. In addition to reducing intraocular pressure, tafluprost is considered to have other pharmacological effects, including ocular blood flow improvement and optic nerve protection, as well as a protective effect on other ocular tissues. Recent clinical trials have begun to focus more on the evaluation of the safety of preservative-free tafluprost eye drops, especially for the ocular surface condition. In 2022, the preservative-free tafluprost eye drops (Tapros) were marketed in China. This article will review the pharmacological mechanism and pharmacokinetics of tafluprost, and discuss its clinical efficacy, safety, and tolerability of preservative-free tafluprost eye drops to provide clinical guidance. (Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2023, 47: 193-202) Related Articles | Metrics

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The role of glymphatic system in optic nerve damage of glaucoma Cheng Ying, Wang Ningli International Review of Ophthalmology    2022, 46 (3): 193-199.   DOI: 10.3760/ cma.j.issn.1673-5803.2022.03.001 Abstract （326）      PDF（pc） （1209KB）（2668）       Knowledge map    Save The glymphatic system was firstly proposed in the central nervous system, and then has been proved to function as an eye scavenger of metabolic waste and neurotoxic substances. Recent studies have shown that the dysfunction of glymphatic system can aggravate the retinal deposition of amyloid β-protein (Aβ) in glaucoma. The abnormal changes of the mechanical environment in optic nerve and lamina cribrosa could interfere the function of glymphatic system, further leading to the block of axoplasmic transport and the obstacle of metabolic clearance in lamina cribrosa. The mechanical environment is firmly related to the structure of lamina cribrosa, lamina cribrosa deformation and defect can significantly affect the clearance efficiency of neurotoxic substances through glymphatic system. The advent of glymphatic system helps to rethink the mechanism of optic nerve damage in normal-tension glaucoma and advanced glaucoma from a new perspective. (Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2022, 46: 193-199) Related Articles | Metrics

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Progress  in fundus imaging: confocal scanning laser opthalmoscope HUO Yan-jiao, WEI Wen-bin International Review of Ophthalmology    DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1673-5803.2015.04.002

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Application of transcriptomics on ophthalmological research Li Yuting, Li Yan, Li Yadi, Huang Yue, Li Puyi, Hu Zhulin International Review of Ophthalmology    2022, 46 (5): 391-396.   DOI: 10.3760/ cma.j.issn.1673-5803.2022.05.002 Abstract （341）      PDF（pc） （814KB）（2418）       Knowledge map    Save Transcriptomics is a discipline that studies the disease process of a certain body tissue from the perspective of molecular mechanism. Transcriptomics sequencing technology has been widely used in research in various fields. In the transcriptomic study of ophthalmic diseases, cornea, aqueous humor, lens and retina are rich in a large amount of genetic information, which are ideal research objects of transcriptomics. Transcriptomics sequencing technology, through sequence hybridization or gene sequencing approach, applied in the laboratory and clinical researches on some ophthalmic diseases, such as microbial keratitis, congenital cataract, uveitis, diabetic retinopathy, age-related macular degeneration, retinitis pigmentosa, will provide a new direction for the pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment of these diseases.(Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2022, 46: 391-396) Related Articles | Metrics

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Research progress of lens regeneration Guo Zhaoxing, Wan Xiuhua International Review of Ophthalmology    2023, 47 (1): 30-35.   DOI: 10.3760/ cma.j.issn.1673-5803.2023.01.006 Abstract （499）      PDF（pc） （1819KB）（2788）       Knowledge map    Save Lens regeneration refers to the process of inducing new lens tissue by constructing a suitable microenvironment for lens development in vitro or in vivo using stem cells as materials. Regenerated lens tissue can be used to establish biological model for drug testing or research the pathological changes of lens diseases, and it is expected to replace artificial lens implantation as a new choice for cataract treatment. At present, the research on it mainly focuses on three aspects: the signal pathway, lens regeneration in vitro and lens regeneration in situ. The Wnt pathway and cell polarity pathway have been further elucidated, human induced pluripotent stem cells have become a new option for in vitro lens regeneration, and the application of minimally invasive procedures has provided the necessary conditions for in situ lens regeneration. (Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2023, 47: 30-35) Related Articles | Metrics

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The mechanism of palmitoethanolamide in the treatment of glaucoma Tang Liying, Xie Tingyu, Zhang Mouxin, Liu Zuguo International Review of Ophthalmology    2021, 45 (6): 471-476.   DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1673-5803.2021.06.002 Abstract （498）      PDF（pc） （1032KB）（3118）       Knowledge map    Save Palmitoylethanolamide(PEA) is a member of fatty acid ethanolamide(FAE) family. At present, PEA has been proved to reduce intraocular pressure, regulate blood supply of optic nerve and neuroprotective effects, and may become a new approach for the treatment of glaucoma. PEA may treat glaucoma by regulating aqueous outflow channel, inhibiting inflammatory response, regulating blood supply to optic nerve and protecting optic nerve. (Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2021, 45: 471-476) Related Articles | Metrics

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Research progress in peripapillary atrophy Sun Caixia, Yuan Yuanzhi International Review of Ophthalmology    DOI: 10.3760/ cma.j.issn.1673-5803.2020.03.004

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Complications related to implantable collamer lens (ICL) Zhang Hao, Deng Yingping International Review of Ophthalmology    2022, 46 (2): 97-103.   DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1673-5803.2022.02.001 Abstract （914）      PDF（pc） （803KB）（3243）       Knowledge map    Save Implantable collamer lens（ICL) implantation is a common refractive surgery. The amount of ICL implantation is increasing year by year, especially the new type of V4c ICL. The efficacy and safety of the operation have been recognized by doctors and patients with the application of the new type ICL (V4c). It is necessary to summarize the complications in the use of V4c ICL in order to make better clinical application. This review summarizes the common and rare postoperative complications of ICL in the refractive surgery, such as the analysis of corneal endothelial cell density, intraocular pressure, vault ect. Compared with V4 ICL, the incidence of complications such as corneal endothelial cell loss, anterior subcapsular cataract and pupil block after V4c ICL is lower, but the postoperative optical related complications and abnormal vault still exist.(Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2022, 46:  97-103) Related Articles | Metrics

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Diagnosis and treatment of advanced visual center injury LIU Jing-wen, WANG Jia-wei International Review of Ophthalmology    DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1673-5803.2018.04.001

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Posner-Schlossman syndrome Lin Chuanqi, Jiang Junhong, Zhang Shaodan, Liang Yuanbo International Review of Ophthalmology    DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1673-5803.2020.02.001

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APELIN/APJ system：a new target of anti intraocular neovascularization LIU Shuai, JIN Hai-ying International Review of Ophthalmology    DOI: 10.3760/ cma.j.issn.1673-5803.2016.01.001

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Progress of pharmacotherapy for conjunctival papilloma Yuan Jiali, Xu Yesheng, Zheng Libin, Yao Yufeng International Review of Ophthalmology    2023, 47 (3): 203-209.   DOI: 10.3760/ cma.j.issn.1673-5803.2023.03.002 Abstract （375）      PDF（pc） （767KB）（2064）       Knowledge map    Save Conjunctival papilloma is one of the most common ocular surface tumors, and it can affect visual function in severe cases. Pharmacotherapy or surgery combined with pharmacotherapy has the advantages of wide coverage and a relatively low recurrence rate and is gradually becoming a trend to replace surgical treatment. Available topical drugs include interferon alpha-2b, mitomycin C, 5-fluorouracil, dinitrochlorobenzene, bevacizumab, etc. Oral cimetidine is also used for conjunctival papilloma management. This article reviews the efficacy and safety of pharmacotherapy (local medication and intraoperative combination application) for conjunctival papilloma. (Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2023, 47: 203-209) Related Articles | Metrics

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T&E regimen for diabetic macular edema Yin Lidong, Jiang Bo, Zhang Zhongyu, Sun Dawei International Review of Ophthalmology    2021, 45 (6): 477-482.   DOI: 10.3760/ cma.j.issn.1673-5803.2021.06.003 Abstract （1475）      PDF（pc） （1463KB）（2915）       Knowledge map    Save The first-line clinical treatment for diabetic macular edema (DME) is intravitreal injection of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF). Treat and extend (T&E) is an active treatment regimen in which patients are treated until the lesion is stable and the interval of treatment can be extended or shortened during the follow-up period depending on whether the disease is stable. This regimen is being progressively used in the treatment of patients with DME. Compared with commonly used treatment regimens, the T&E regimen reduces the risk of fewer fixed injections per month and overtreatment while avoiding the possibility of undertreatment every two months. Follow-up intervals can be adjusted according to best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) or central retinal thickness (CRT), and regular treatment can improve vision and anatomy as compared to on-demand treatment regimens. However, there is no unified standard for the design of T&E protocol in the current study, and more clinical studies are needed to further standardize it. (Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2021, 45: 477-482) Related Articles | Metrics

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Application of optical coherence tomography angiography on assessment of microcirculation changes in glaucoma Zhang Yihan, Zhang Fengyan International Review of Ophthalmology    2023, 47 (4): 296-301.   DOI: 10.3760/ cma.j.issn.1673-5803.2023.04.002 Abstract （411）      PDF（pc） （748KB）（1835）       Knowledge map    Save Optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) is a novel, non-invasive ophthalmic examination technique that provides high-resolution images of microvascular. OCTA can quantitatively analyze optic disc, retinal and choroidal blood perfusion of patients with glaucoma and assess their microvascular changes. Patients with different types of glaucoma may have decreased vessel density of the optic disc, peripapillary, macular retina, choroid and abnormal indexes related to foveal avascular zone, whose changes are related to the degree of visual field defect, the thickness of the nerve fiber layer, and the thickness of the ganglion cell complex.  (Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2023, 47: 296-301) Related Articles | Metrics

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Research progress on congenital nystagmus Liu Yanzi, Shi Xuefeng International Review of Ophthalmology    2020, 44 (5): 296-305.   DOI: 10.3760/ cma.j.issn.1673-5803.2020.05.002 Abstract （609）      PDF（pc） （1651KB）（2554）       Knowledge map    Save Congenital nystagmus (CN) is an involuntary, rhythmic ocular oscillations that is often detected at birth or within 3 months of birth. The etiology of CN is complex and diverse. Till now, the pathogenesis of CN has not been entirely clear. CN is a difficult disease in the clinic of pediatric ophthalmology and strabismus, its treatment is difficult. In recent years, researchers have tried to improve the original surgical procedures in order to give patients better visual quality. Randomized, controlled, double-blind clinical studies have found that some drugs can reduce nystagmus intensity, prolong foveal fixation, and improve vision in patients. The genetic modes of CN are varied, and the pathogenesis of most of the CN is still unclear. Studies on model animals have revealed that the mechanism by which the FRMD7 gene, one of the pathogenic genes of X-linked CN,  is related to the loss of horizontal motion detection of direction selective retinal ganglion cells. This article reviews the recent progress research of CN in order to provide references for future clinical and basic studies. (Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2020, 44：  296-305) Related Articles | Metrics

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The pathogenesis and treatment of iridocorneal endothelial syndrome Ye Wenqing, Deng Yuxuan, Liang Yuanbo International Review of Ophthalmology    2022, 46 (3): 199-206.   DOI: 10.3760/ cma.j.issn.1673-5803.2022.03.002 Abstract （444）      PDF（pc） （1119KB）（1985）       Knowledge map    Save The pathogenesis of iridocorneal endothelial (ICE) syndrome are dominated by the theory of viral infection and membrane theory of Campbell. And the theory combining the infectious of virus with integration of viral genes into human genome may provide new thinking. The present treatments of ICE syndrome are focus on corneal decompensation and secondary glaucoma. The endothelial keratoplasty is the main surgery for corneal endothelial decompensation and the attempt of artificial keratoplasty shows pretty good preliminary outcome. Secondary glaucoma is mainly treated by filtering glaucoma surgery while the explore of minimally invasive glaucoma surgery and glaucoma implant device in sulcus are started to treat secondary glaucoma of ICE syndrome. (Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2022, 46: 199-206) Related Articles | Metrics

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Treatment of non-arteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy Wang Ling, Yang Hui International Review of Ophthalmology    2021, 45 (2): 81-88.   DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1673-5803.2021.02.001 Abstract （594）      PDF（pc） （957KB）（3060）       Knowledge map    Save Nonarteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (NAION) is one of optic neuropathy with complex pathogenesis, which involves systemic vascular risk factors and regional anatomical factors. Control of systemic risk factors is the key to treatment. At present, the three major treatment attempts include improving circulation (such as intraocular pressure intervention, extracorporeal counterpulsation and surgery), reducing optic disc edema (such as systemic or local corticosteroid, local intravitreal injection of anti neovascularization drugs), and neurotrophic agents (such as stem cells therapy).(Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2021, 45: 81-88) Related Articles | Metrics

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Intraocular lens correction for age-related refractive abnormalities Tian Tian, Xu Yesheng, Xie Wenjia, Yao Yufeng International Review of Ophthalmology    2020, 44 (6): 379-385.   DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn/1673-5803.2020.06.002 Abstract （682）      PDF（pc） （1290KB）（2989）       Knowledge map    Save Age-related refractive abnormalities include cataract and presbyopia,  which can be managed by cataract surgery and presbyopia-correcting intraocular lens (IOL) implantation. According to different functions,  presbyopia-correcting IOL can be classified as monofocal enhanced IOL,  multifocal IOL,  extended depth of focus IOL,  and accommodative IOL. There are three methods of combination of binocular IOL implantation for presbyopia correction:  implanting the same IOLs in both eyes aiming at emmetropia,  micro-monovision,  and mix-and-match. (Int Rev Ophthalmol,  2020,  44:  379-385) Related Articles | Metrics

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Anterior megalophthalmos and its cataract surgery Chen Tianhui, Jiang Yongxiang International Review of Ophthalmology    2021, 45 (1): 6-11.   DOI: 10.3760/ cma.j.issn.1673-5803.2021.01.002 Abstract （624）      PDF（pc） （844KB）（2750）       Knowledge map    Save Anterior megalophthalmos (AM), also called X\|linked megalocornea, is an rare congenital hypoplasia of ocular anterior segment. 90% of patients was approximately constituted by men. It is characterized by premature cataract and 360° zonular weakness with lens subluxation with megalocorneal, deep anterior chamber and the enlarged sulcus. Recently, cataract surgeries in AM patients still are a debatable point which is prone to challenge mainly because of zonular weakness and capsular bag. Characters of AM and cataract surgeries in AM patients remains unreviewed yet. For cataract and lens dislocation surgery in patients with AM, the proper choice of intraocular lens (IOL) and operation mode are the key points. It is difficult to implement phacoemulsification safely because of the large and unstable capsular bag and zonular weakness. Iris-claw IOL implantation or scleral fixated IOL implantation may be more suitable surgical way for AM patients. It is worthy of further research and exploration that how to choose individualized surgery according to different characteristics of capsular bag in AM patients in order to obtain better surgical effect. Related Articles | Metrics

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Current situation and demand of medical eye protective devices in China Shao Yuting, Bi Yanlong International Review of Ophthalmology    2021, 45 (1): 1-5.   DOI: 10.3760/ cma.j.issn.1673-5803.2021.01.001 Abstract （298）      PDF（pc） （1206KB）（3491）       Knowledge map    Save SARS-CoV-2 has caused a global pandemic, and infected numerous persons around the world. The technology and management of medical eye protective devices are significantly important for avoiding the occupational eye exposures such as radiation, infection and even death of medical staff. Medical eye protective devices should not only meet the technical requirements to prevent the splashing of patient body fluids or lavage fluids, but also have the function of anti-fog, anti-pathogen eye transmission, anti-ultraviolet radiation, and anti-eye and nasal pressure damage. Emergency management should be optimized in disinfection process to increase recycle rate and decrease the rate of resources waste. It is suggested that the standard of eye protective devices and the technical and management requirements of medical eye protective devices should be improved and established in China. In the emergency of public health, the life and health of medical staff should be guaranteed in an all-round way. Related Articles | Metrics

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Progress in detection and training of binocular stereovision Zhao Yiyang, Fu Jing International Review of Ophthalmology    2022, 46 (6): 486-491.   DOI: 10.3760/ cma.j.issn.1673-5803.2022.06.002 Abstract （515）      PDF（pc） （787KB）（1636）       Knowledge map    Save Stereopsis detection has experienced the continuous evolution of depth gauge, pattern stereopsis and random dot examination. The traditional stereovision examination methods are represented by Titmus and synoptophore, but there are many problems such as high requirements for examination equipment and subjective factors. The combination of 3D display, mobile phone software and other technologies can reduce the examination requirements, increase patient compliance, and obtain a wide range of disparity and accurate examination values. Stereoscopic vision training has been developed from traditional synoptophore training to visual perception training and mixed training. Recently, virtual reality (VR) and other technologies have also been applied to visual perception training to improve patient compliance and obtain better training effects. There are many methods for detecting and training stereovision function, each of which has its own advantages and disadvantages. Clinicians should choose the appropriate method for patients and combine various methods to evaluate and train stereovision function of patients in a comprehensive way. (Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2022, 46: 486-491) Related Articles | Metrics

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Application of widefield scanning laser imaging system in clinical practice YANG Mo-chi1,2, WEI Wen-bin1. International Review of Ophthalmology    DOI: 10.3760/ cma.j.issn.1673-5803.2017.05.001

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Suggestions on the protection for ophthalmologists against the infection of the novel coronavirus Shao Lei, Wei Wenbin International Review of Ophthalmology    DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1673-5803.2020.01.001

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Imaging biomarkers of pathological myopia in the optic disc Lu Zixing, Yan Shenshen, Tian Bei International Review of Ophthalmology    2024, 48 (2): 93-98.   DOI: 10.3760/ cma.j.issn.1673-5803.2024.02.003 Abstract （321）      PDF（pc） （958KB）（846）       Knowledge map    Save Vision impairment caused by pathologic myopia (PM) is a global public health concern. Changes in the morphological characteristics of the optic disc region can serve as an early warning for the onset and progression of PM. Alterations such as optic disc tilting, peripapillary atrophy of the retina and choroid, and parapapillary choroidal cavitations are associated with the development of posterior staphyloma. Pathologic changes in the optic disc in PM often coexist with PM-related macular degeneration, with the progression and expansion of atrophic areas around the optic disc and the peripapillary choroid indicating the development of myopic maculopathy. Insufficient blood flow in the optic disc area and its surroundings may be a reason for the morphological and functional changes in PM. Timely and accurate identification of such characteristic imaging biomarkers is crucial for the prevention, control, and treatment of PM. (Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2024, 48: 93-98) Related Articles | Metrics

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Research progress on morphology and associations of tilted optic disc FAN Yuan-yuan, WEI Wen-bin International Review of Ophthalmology    DOI: 10.3760/ cma.j.issn.1673-5803.2016.02.001

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The history of elimination of blinding trachoma in China Hu Ailian, Wang Ningli International Review of Ophthalmology    2020, 44 (5): 289-295.   DOI: 10.3760/ cma.j.issn.1673-5803.2020.05.001 Abstract （545）      PDF（pc） （954KB）（2423）       Knowledge map    Save Trachoma was the leading blinding eye disease in China. With the unremitting efforts of several generations, it was finally eliminated. The discovery of chlamydia trachomatis provided the scientific basis for the prevention and control of trachoma. In the 70 years since the founding of the People's Republic of China, during trachoma prevention and control process,with comprehensive prevention and control measures including  the prioritization by chinese government, long-term effects in the improvement of water and toilet hygiene and environmental sanitation, increased investment in primary medical care, continuous construction of the three-tier medical service network, expanded coverage of the new rural cooperative medical system, greatly increased accessibility of medical services and availability of medications,  the elimination of blinding trachoma was ultimately achieved.This paper reviews the history of trachoma prevention and control in China, including trachoma epidemic period (before the founding of the People's Republic of China), discovery of chlamydia trachomatis and comprehensive and effective prevention and control of trachoma (after the founding of the People's Republic of China and before the reform and opening up), effective control of trachoma (after reform and opening up to 1999), and elimination of blinding trachoma (after 2000). (Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2020, 44: 289-295) Related Articles | Metrics

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Postoperative complications of cataracts associated with high myopia Zhang Ye, Qi Jiao, Zhu Xiangjia International Review of Ophthalmology    2025, 49 (1): 13-18.   DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.cn115500-20240917-01003 Abstract （220）      PDF（pc） （719KB）（383）       Knowledge map    Save Highly myopic cataract, as a complex cataract type associated with a high risk of blindness, significantly increases the incidence of postoperative complications, thereby posing a serious threat to the visual health of highly myopic individuals. The common postoperative complications associated with high myopia-related cataracts, include early intraocular pressure elevation, capsular contraction syndrome, posterior capsular opacification, and intraocular lens dislocation. Previous studies have shown that the pathological changes in highly myopic eyes, such as anatomical abnormalities caused by axial elongation, intraocular microinflammatory environments, and oxidative-antioxidative imbalances, contribute to structural and dynamic anomalies in aqueous humor outflow, epithelial-mesenchymal transition of lens epithelial cells, and loosening of the zonular fibers. These factors collectively increase the risk of postoperative complications. Clinically, measures such as meticulous polishing of the capsule during surgery, cautious use of capsular tension rings, and close postoperative monitoring with early intervention can help mitigate these complications to some extent.  (Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2025, 49:  13-18) Related Articles | Metrics

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Research status of optic disc structure in peripapillary hyper-reflective ovoid mass-like structures  Meng Jiaxin, Liu Xia, Zhao Ying International Review of Ophthalmology    2023, 47 (6): 488-493.   DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1673-5803.2023.06.002 Abstract （446）      PDF（pc） （1152KB）（1481）       Knowledge map    Save Peripapillary hyper-reflective ovoid mass-like structures (PHOMS) are a novel finding observed through enhanced-depth imaging optical coherence tomography (EDI-OCT), appearing as annular or partially annular complexes containing vascular structures surrounding the optic disc on EDI-OCT images. PHOMS frequently coexist with tilted optic disc, optic disc drusen, demyelinating optic neuritis, Leber hereditary optic neuropathy, ischemic optic neuropathy, idiopathic intracranial hypertension, pseudopapilledema and other diseases related to axoplasmic flow stasis. However their pathophysiology and significance remain unclear. (Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2023, 47:  488-493) Related Articles | Metrics

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International Review of Ophthalmology    2025, 49 (2): 134-134.   DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.cn115500-20250320-25217 Abstract （111）      PDF（pc） （834KB）（68）       Knowledge map    Save Related Articles | Metrics

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Research progress on drusen in age-related macular degeneration WANG Shi-hui, DAI Le-shu, SONG Jian-tao International Review of Ophthalmology    DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1673-5803.2018.03.001

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Fixed combination medications for intraocular pressure reduction in glaucoma Chen Yihao, Sun Xinghuai International Review of Ophthalmology    2025, 49 (2): 88-94.   DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.cn115500-20241108-25202 Abstract （156）      PDF（pc） （878KB）（354）       Knowledge map    Save The core treatment goal for glaucoma is reducing intraocular pressure. Traditional intraocular pressure -lowering medications are commonly administered as monotherapy or in combination. However, combination therapy often increases treatment complexity, leading to reduced patient adherence and diminished efficacy. Fixed-dose combinations (FDCs) simplify treatment regimens by integrating multiple intraocular pressure-lowering drugs into a single formulation. Studies have shown that FDCs significantly improve adherence compared to non-FDC regimens. Furthermore, the efficacy of FDCs in reducing intraocular pressure is at least non-inferior to non-FDC combinations. Additionally, preservative-free FDCs minimize ocular surface disease caused by preservatives, reducing conjunctival hyperemia rates, significantly improving tolerability. The adoption of FDCs not only optimizes therapeutic outcomes but also alleviates economic burdens, offering a superior treatment option for glaucoma patients. (Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2025, 49:  88-94) Related Articles | Metrics

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A review of low vision rehabilitation work in China Hu Ailian, Zhang Xu, Zhao Weiqi International Review of Ophthalmology    2020, 44 (6): 373-378.   DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn/1673-5803.2020.06.001 Abstract （723）      PDF（pc） （1401KB）（2929）       Knowledge map    Save Low vision rehabilitation is a systematic work, involving medical treatment, rehabilitation, education, social security, family and other fields. This article reviews the history and achievements of low vision rehabilitation work in China, including the prevalence and etiology of visual disability, personnel training, research and development of visual aids, orientation and mobility training, construction of visual rehabilitation system, public health education and supporting policies. By far, low vision rehabilitation work has been carried out in China for about 40 years, with relentless exploration and advancement, now the work pattern of “led by the government, responsibilities assumed by relevant departments, and participated by whole society” has been formed. A low vision rehabilitation service system with Chinese characteristics has been established with the participation of medical institutions, China Disabled Persons' Federation,  Rehabilitation Assistive Devices and Technology Center and education system.(Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2020, 44: 373-378) Related Articles | Metrics

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Incidence, risk factors and blindness rate of acute primary angle-closure glaucoma LIN Si-geng1, LIN Zhou-qiao2, LIANG Yuan-bo1, QU Jia1 International Review of Ophthalmology    DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1673-5803.2018.02.001

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Neural adaptation in patients with implanted multifocal  Wang Juexue, Wan Xiuhua International Review of Ophthalmology    2022, 46 (4): 289-296.   DOI: 10.3760/ cma.j.issn.1673-5803.2022.04.001 Abstract （382）      PDF（pc） （1703KB）（1727）       Knowledge map    Save Halo and other visual problems can worsen patient’s visual quality after the implantation of multifocus intraocular lens (mIOL), which is related to the neural adaptation of the brain. Studies have found that there are individual differences in neural adaptation, and younger patients are more prone to have neural adaptation. Neural adaptation is related to retinal image processing and the corresponding cerebral cortex activity. To achieve stable neural adaptation needs at least 6 months. Video games, computer cognitive training or computer visual training can improve the neural adaptation of patients after multifocus IOL implantation.  (Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2022, 46:  289-296) Related Articles | Metrics

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The progress of diagnosis and treatment of malignant glaucoma Zheng Xuanli, Lin Haishuang, Li Jiaqian, Lei Changrong, Wan Rui, Ye Wenqing, Liang Yuanbo International Review of Ophthalmology    2024, 48 (5): 321-326.   DOI: 10.3760/ cma.j.issn.1673-5803.2024.05.001 Abstract （354）      PDF（pc） （871KB）（519）       Knowledge map    Save Malignant glaucoma is one of the most severe complications of glaucoma surgery. It mainly includes three types: typical malignant glaucoma, malignant glaucoma after cataract surgery, and other secondary malignant glaucoma. Anatomical factors such as a shallow anterior chamber, short axial length, and thick lens, as well as being young, female, diagnosed with angle-closure glaucoma, having a history of external filtration surgery, and preoperative high intraocular pressure, are considered risk factors for the occurrence of malignant glaucoma. The hypothesis of trans-lens pressure differential provides a new perspective for rethinking and understanding the pathogenesis of malignant glaucoma, and may offer new strategies for its prevention and treatment. Relieving ciliary block and restoring the flow of aqueous humor between the anterior and posterior chambers of the eye are key in the treatment of malignant glaucoma.  (Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2024, 48: 321-326) Related Articles | Metrics

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Evaluation of clinical severity in intermittent exotropia Luo Dan, Yu Xinping International Review of Ophthalmology    2022, 46 (6): 481-485.   DOI: 10.3760/ cma.j.issn.1673-5803.2022.06.001 Abstract （630）      PDF（pc） （1043KB）（1370）       Knowledge map    Save Evaluation of the severity of intermittent exotropia is important to understand the progress of the disease and the determining of treatment. At present, it is mainly focus on three aspects: deviation amplitude, stereopsis and fusion control. The prism alternative cover test was routinely used to measure deviation amplitude, but sometimes the patient's maximum deviation amplitude not be obtained. By use of staring at 30 m visual markers, staring at outdoor visual markers, cover test and prism adaptation test, we tried to break the binocular fusion to get a greater degree of strabismus. Titmus stereopsis and Randot stereopsis were mainly used to measure stereopsis in clinic, but the results of the two methods were quite different, which was related to the design of stereopsis. In addition, binocular viewing glasses, measuring environment, viewing angle may affect the measurement results.Fusion control was assessed by Newcastle control score and Office control score,but both were significantly influenced by family subjectivity or patient compliance, the new LACTOSE control rating may be a more appropriate IXT control rating tool.In addition, the consistency of deviation amplitude, stereopsis and fusion control is poor, and the clinical judgment of the severity of patients also needs comprehensive consideration. Therefore, it is necessary to understand the characteristics and influencing factors of each evaluation method when interpreting the evaluation results of IXT. (Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2022,  46: 481-485) Related Articles | Metrics