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Research progress on ocular administration methods Chen Xinyi, He Ting, Shen Ting International Review of Ophthalmology    2023, 47 (3): 210-217.   DOI: 10.3760/ cma.j.issn.1673-5803.2023.03.003 Abstract （553）      PDF（pc） （1075KB）（3037）       Knowledge map    Save In recent years, various new dosage forms of ocular drugs have been developed, such as nano preparations (including nanoparticles, nanospheres, nanoemulsions, nanosuspensions, nanoliposomes, nanomicelles, fluorescent nano and dendritic macromolecules, etc.), sustained-release gels (including temperature-sensitive, pH, ionic and self-assembled peptide hydrogels, etc.), contact lenses, implants, microneedles, etc., which effectively improve the bioavailability of ocular drug administration, patient compliance, and achieve continuous administration, reduce drug side effects, and reduce chronic damage to the eyes , improves the therapeutic effect of eye medication. (Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2023, 47: 210-217) Related Articles | Metrics

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Research progress of lens regeneration Guo Zhaoxing, Wan Xiuhua International Review of Ophthalmology    2023, 47 (1): 30-35.   DOI: 10.3760/ cma.j.issn.1673-5803.2023.01.006 Abstract （499）      PDF（pc） （1819KB）（2788）       Knowledge map    Save Lens regeneration refers to the process of inducing new lens tissue by constructing a suitable microenvironment for lens development in vitro or in vivo using stem cells as materials. Regenerated lens tissue can be used to establish biological model for drug testing or research the pathological changes of lens diseases, and it is expected to replace artificial lens implantation as a new choice for cataract treatment. At present, the research on it mainly focuses on three aspects: the signal pathway, lens regeneration in vitro and lens regeneration in situ. The Wnt pathway and cell polarity pathway have been further elucidated, human induced pluripotent stem cells have become a new option for in vitro lens regeneration, and the application of minimally invasive procedures has provided the necessary conditions for in situ lens regeneration. (Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2023, 47: 30-35) Related Articles | Metrics

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Research progress of tafluprost eye drops in the treatment of glaucoma Sun Longyan, Shi Yan, Fan Zhigang International Review of Ophthalmology    2023, 47 (3): 193-202.   DOI: 10.3760/ cma.j.issn.1673-5803.2023.03.001 Abstract （750）      PDF（pc） （2089KB）（2782）       Knowledge map    Save Tafluprost is a prostaglandin analogue (PGA) with strong FP receptor affinity, which was first reported in 2003. Whereafter, Tafluprost eye drops, as the first originally developed preservative-free PGA agent, came on the market, and has been used as the first-line drug in the treatment of open-angle glaucoma and ocular hypertension. The unique difluoride atomic structure gives tafluprost stronger metabolic stability, making it perform similar efficacy with a lower concentration compared to other PGA. A large number of clinical studies on tafluprost eye drops have confirmed its effect of reducing intraocular pressure, and the adverse reactions occur less and to a lesser degree. In addition to reducing intraocular pressure, tafluprost is considered to have other pharmacological effects, including ocular blood flow improvement and optic nerve protection, as well as a protective effect on other ocular tissues. Recent clinical trials have begun to focus more on the evaluation of the safety of preservative-free tafluprost eye drops, especially for the ocular surface condition. In 2022, the preservative-free tafluprost eye drops (Tapros) were marketed in China. This article will review the pharmacological mechanism and pharmacokinetics of tafluprost, and discuss its clinical efficacy, safety, and tolerability of preservative-free tafluprost eye drops to provide clinical guidance. (Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2023, 47: 193-202) Related Articles | Metrics

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Application of transcriptomics on ophthalmological research Li Yuting, Li Yan, Li Yadi, Huang Yue, Li Puyi, Hu Zhulin International Review of Ophthalmology    2022, 46 (5): 391-396.   DOI: 10.3760/ cma.j.issn.1673-5803.2022.05.002 Abstract （341）      PDF（pc） （814KB）（2418）       Knowledge map    Save Transcriptomics is a discipline that studies the disease process of a certain body tissue from the perspective of molecular mechanism. Transcriptomics sequencing technology has been widely used in research in various fields. In the transcriptomic study of ophthalmic diseases, cornea, aqueous humor, lens and retina are rich in a large amount of genetic information, which are ideal research objects of transcriptomics. Transcriptomics sequencing technology, through sequence hybridization or gene sequencing approach, applied in the laboratory and clinical researches on some ophthalmic diseases, such as microbial keratitis, congenital cataract, uveitis, diabetic retinopathy, age-related macular degeneration, retinitis pigmentosa, will provide a new direction for the pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment of these diseases.(Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2022, 46: 391-396) Related Articles | Metrics

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Progress of pharmacotherapy for conjunctival papilloma Yuan Jiali, Xu Yesheng, Zheng Libin, Yao Yufeng International Review of Ophthalmology    2023, 47 (3): 203-209.   DOI: 10.3760/ cma.j.issn.1673-5803.2023.03.002 Abstract （375）      PDF（pc） （767KB）（2064）       Knowledge map    Save Conjunctival papilloma is one of the most common ocular surface tumors, and it can affect visual function in severe cases. Pharmacotherapy or surgery combined with pharmacotherapy has the advantages of wide coverage and a relatively low recurrence rate and is gradually becoming a trend to replace surgical treatment. Available topical drugs include interferon alpha-2b, mitomycin C, 5-fluorouracil, dinitrochlorobenzene, bevacizumab, etc. Oral cimetidine is also used for conjunctival papilloma management. This article reviews the efficacy and safety of pharmacotherapy (local medication and intraoperative combination application) for conjunctival papilloma. (Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2023, 47: 203-209) Related Articles | Metrics

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Application of optical coherence tomography angiography on assessment of microcirculation changes in glaucoma Zhang Yihan, Zhang Fengyan International Review of Ophthalmology    2023, 47 (4): 296-301.   DOI: 10.3760/ cma.j.issn.1673-5803.2023.04.002 Abstract （411）      PDF（pc） （748KB）（1835）       Knowledge map    Save Optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) is a novel, non-invasive ophthalmic examination technique that provides high-resolution images of microvascular. OCTA can quantitatively analyze optic disc, retinal and choroidal blood perfusion of patients with glaucoma and assess their microvascular changes. Patients with different types of glaucoma may have decreased vessel density of the optic disc, peripapillary, macular retina, choroid and abnormal indexes related to foveal avascular zone, whose changes are related to the degree of visual field defect, the thickness of the nerve fiber layer, and the thickness of the ganglion cell complex.  (Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2023, 47: 296-301) Related Articles | Metrics

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Neural adaptation in patients with implanted multifocal  Wang Juexue, Wan Xiuhua International Review of Ophthalmology    2022, 46 (4): 289-296.   DOI: 10.3760/ cma.j.issn.1673-5803.2022.04.001 Abstract （382）      PDF（pc） （1703KB）（1727）       Knowledge map    Save Halo and other visual problems can worsen patient’s visual quality after the implantation of multifocus intraocular lens (mIOL), which is related to the neural adaptation of the brain. Studies have found that there are individual differences in neural adaptation, and younger patients are more prone to have neural adaptation. Neural adaptation is related to retinal image processing and the corresponding cerebral cortex activity. To achieve stable neural adaptation needs at least 6 months. Video games, computer cognitive training or computer visual training can improve the neural adaptation of patients after multifocus IOL implantation.  (Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2022, 46:  289-296) Related Articles | Metrics

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Mechanism and clinical application of tacrolimus in treatment of dry eye disease Zhang Zijie, Jia Zhe, Zhao Shaozhen International Review of Ophthalmology    2022, 46 (4): 318-323.   DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1673-5803.2022.04.005 Abstract （1093）            Knowledge map    Save Dry eye disease (DED) is widely believed that immune-related inflammation plays an important role in its pathogenesis. Tacrolimus (FK506) has a certain therapeutic effect on ocular inflammation in dry eye by inhibiting calcineurin or MAPK pathway in T lymphocytes, NF-κB pathway in ocular surface cells, and apoptosis of ocular surface cells. Currently, studies on the topical use of tacrolimus in the treatment of dry eye have focused on dry eye with systemic immune diseases, including chronic graft-versus-host disease, Sjgren's syndrome, cicatoid pemphigoid, Steven-Johnson syndrome, etc.(Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2022, 46:  318-323) Related Articles | Metrics

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Role of inflammatory cytokines in the pathogenesis of diabetes retinopathy Liu Shuang International Review of Ophthalmology    2022, 46 (4): 327-332.   DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1673-5803.2022.04.007 Abstract （445）            Knowledge map    Save Vascular endothelial growth factor, interleukin-1, interleukin-8, tumor necrosis factor and other inflammatory cytokines play an important role in the occurrence and development of diabetes retinopathy (DR), which can induce the activation and migration of leukocytes, leading to capillary obstruction, retinal hypoxia and endothelial cell damage. Then the blood retinal barrier ruptured, and edema, hemorrhage, exudation and microaneurysm formed in the retina. Under the stimulation of persistent inflammatory reaction and cytokines, local pathological neovascularization occurs in the retina, which aggravates the progression of DR. Inflammatory factors in vitreous and aqueous humor are related to the progression of DR. In immune pathology, the inflammatory process induces a series of complex molecular and cellular signaling, which changes the physiological response of the affected eye tissues, thereby generating an inflammatory phenotype. These inflammatory biomarkers can evaluate the inflammatory process, and reliable and easily available inflammatory biomarkers will provide valuable information for the development of new DR biomarkers and their treatments. (Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2022, 46:  327-332) Related Articles | Metrics

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Application of adalimumab in non-infectious uveitis Peng Yu, Qiu Xinwen, Ye Bo, Chen Jiansu International Review of Ophthalmology    2022, 46 (4): 336-340.   DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1673-5803.2022.04.009 Abstract （505）            Knowledge map    Save Non-infectious uveitis (NIU) is a group of immune-mediated diseases with complex etiology and difficult treatment. Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) is the key pro-inflammatory factor in NIU. Adalimumab is a fully humanized monoclonal antibody targeting TNF-α, specifically binding to TNF-α and therefore blocking its induced downstream processes. Application of adalimumab in NIU including uveitis caused by Behcet's disease, Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada syndrome, ankylosing spondylitis-related uveitis, and children's uveitis can effectively reduce inflammation, the dosage of glucocorticoid, and the recurrence rate. Its safety has also been initially confirmed. Adalimumab is a suitable option for second-line treatment of NIU and shows great potential in the treatment of NIU. (Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2022, 46:  336-340) Related Articles | Metrics

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Progress in detection and training of binocular stereovision Zhao Yiyang, Fu Jing International Review of Ophthalmology    2022, 46 (6): 486-491.   DOI: 10.3760/ cma.j.issn.1673-5803.2022.06.002 Abstract （515）      PDF（pc） （787KB）（1636）       Knowledge map    Save Stereopsis detection has experienced the continuous evolution of depth gauge, pattern stereopsis and random dot examination. The traditional stereovision examination methods are represented by Titmus and synoptophore, but there are many problems such as high requirements for examination equipment and subjective factors. The combination of 3D display, mobile phone software and other technologies can reduce the examination requirements, increase patient compliance, and obtain a wide range of disparity and accurate examination values. Stereoscopic vision training has been developed from traditional synoptophore training to visual perception training and mixed training. Recently, virtual reality (VR) and other technologies have also been applied to visual perception training to improve patient compliance and obtain better training effects. There are many methods for detecting and training stereovision function, each of which has its own advantages and disadvantages. Clinicians should choose the appropriate method for patients and combine various methods to evaluate and train stereovision function of patients in a comprehensive way. (Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2022, 46: 486-491) Related Articles | Metrics

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Advance in the study of expulsive suprachoroidal hemorrhage Huang Yi, Hu Haijian, Zhang Xu International Review of Ophthalmology    2022, 46 (6): 522-527.   Abstract （707）            Knowledge map    Save Expulsive suprachoroidal hemorrhage (ESCH) is a rare,  but one of the most severe and frightening complication of intraocular surgery. It may involve the ciliary body,  vitreous,  and retina,  and can cause complete loss of vision. The pathogenesis of ESCH is unclear,  but it is related to choroid tissue composition and blood supply. Previous studies have shown that one of the most important triggers of ESCH is the sudden drop of intraocular pressure,  which often occurs during and after cataract surgery,  glaucoma surgery and vitrectomy.B-scan ultrasonography can diagnose ESCH and observe the degree of coagulation in the suprachoroidal space,  which helps to determine the timing of surgery. Surgery is the most important treatment for ESCH, early suprachoroidal drainage can save the remaining vision,  but the effectiveness of different drainage methods is controversial. ESCH can be effectively avoided by paying attention to the management of risk factors before surgery,  careful operation during surgery and timely detection of suprachoroidal hemorrhage (SCH). (Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2022, 46:  522-527) Related Articles | Metrics

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Advances on orbital solitary fibrous tumor Yan Haihan, Ma Jianmin International Review of Ophthalmology    2022, 46 (4): 378-384.   DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1673-5803.2022.04.017 Abstract （433）            Knowledge map    Save Orbital solitary fibrous tumor (SFT) is a rare tumor originating from perivascular multipotent mesenchyme and can occur in various parts of the orbit. Mass involving in the orbit and proptosis are the most common manifestations. The age of onset is 40-50 at most and there is no difference in incidence between men and women. A small percentage of orbital SFT patients may experience tumor recurrence and metastasis. The clinical and imaging findings of orbital SFT are mostly non-specific. The histopathological morphologic changes of orbital SFT are extensive and there are many subtypes. Immunohistochemical staining has high specificity. Surgical resection is the main treatment for orbital SFT, and close follow-up is very important. (Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2022, 46:  378-384) Related Articles | Metrics

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The role and mechanism of human immunodeficiency virus infection on the progression of age-related macular degeneration Zhou Yamei, Zeng Jia, Liu Xiaojuan International Review of Ophthalmology    2022, 46 (4): 361-366.   DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1673-5803.2022.04.014 Abstract （310）            Knowledge map    Save Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is the causative agent of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Epidemiological surveys have shown that the prevalence of age-related macular degeneration (AMD) in HIV infected people is higher than that in non HIV infected people. HIV down-regulates tight junction proteins in retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cells, disrupting the blood-retinal barrier (BRB), and induce oxidative stress and inflammation in RPE cells through glycoprotein 120 (gp120) on the envelope surface and transactivator of transcription (Tat), resulting in the loss of photoreceptors, consequently promoting AMD progression. (Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2022, 46:  361-366) Related Articles | Metrics

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Visual impairment and visual rehabilitation after stroke Wang Xue, Wu Jun, Zhou Jinqiong International Review of Ophthalmology    2022, 46 (4): 370-377.   DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1673-5803.2022.04.016 Abstract （560）            Knowledge map    Save Visual impairment is the common complication of stroke, which can be manifested in three aspects: visual sensory impairment, visual dyskinesia and visual perception impairment. Visual impairment can significantly affect the visual perception and quality of life of patients, and hinder the overall rehabilitation process of the whole body. Visual sensory impairment includes visual acuity decline and visual field defects. The needs of visual function can be met through glasses and visual aids instruments. The rehabilitation means of visual field defects include alternative treatment, compensatory training and restorative treatment. Visual dyskinesia include strabismus and eye movement disorders, and their treatment include eye movement training, prism, covering, medicine and strabismus correction surgery. Visual neglect is the most common form of visual perception disorder, and its treatment include acupuncture and various modern rehabilitation methods. The effective treatment and rehabilitation of visual impairment provide good visual conditions for the whole-body rehabilitation of stroke patients. (Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2022, 46:  370-377) Related Articles | Metrics

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Closing macular holes without gastamponade#br# Zhang Yingjie, Zhu Dongqing International Review of Ophthalmology    2022, 46 (4): 333-335.   DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1673-5803.2022.04.008 Abstract （290）            Knowledge map    Save To avoid the possible complications and postoperative prone position of gas tamponade after macular hole (MH) surgery, several recent studies have reported that gas tamponade can be avoided by different methods, including only conventional vitrectomy and internal limiting membrane (ILM) peeling or combined with macular plug, autologous blood clot covering and temporal ILM flap. Although the number of patients included in these studies was small, and the size and type of MH were different, high MH closure rate was achieved. (Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2022, 46:  333-335) Related Articles | Metrics

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Corneal opacity assessment method and its application in corneal diseases Dilinuer·Tuxunjiang, Ding Lin International Review of Ophthalmology    2022, 46 (4): 310-317.   DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1673-5803.2022.04.004 Abstract （351）            Knowledge map    Save Corneal opacity can be caused by various causes including trauma, infection, edema and  dystrophy. The traditional method for subjective observing corneal opacity is slit lamp microscopy. In recent years, some new methods have been tried, such as spectrophotometry, scatterometer, Scheimpflug tomography system, coherent light tomography, laser scanning confocal microscopy, and so on. However, no standard quantify method for corneal opacity has been widely adopted. (Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2022, 46:  310-317) Related Articles | Metrics

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Advances on research of retinal oxygen metabolism in myopia Che Danyang, Miao Peng, Zhou Jibo International Review of Ophthalmology    2022, 46 (4): 346-350.   DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1673-5803.2022.04.011 Abstract （325）            Knowledge map    Save Recently, the researches on retinal oxygen metabolism in myopia mainly focuses on retinal oxygen saturation and retinal blood flow. The studies of retinal oxygen saturation have now been limited to measurement of oxygen saturation in the large retinal vessels. Most studies have found retinal vessel diameter was reduced in myopic eyes. Retinal blood flow in myopic eyes decreased, foveal and peripapillary capillary density decreased, and foveal avascular area increased. There was a positive correlation between blood oxygen saturation and axial length in myopic children and adolescents. However, arterial and venous oxygen saturation difference in highly myopic adults was less than in emmetropia adults. (Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2022, 46:  346-350) Related Articles | Metrics

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The pathogenesis of keratoconus Ma Chunxia, Wang Yingwei, Zhou Jian International Review of Ophthalmology    2022, 46 (4): 304-309.   DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1673-5803.2022.04.003 Abstract （266）            Knowledge map    Save Keratoconus is a disease characterized by corneal dilatation, thinning of central corneal stroma and conical protrusion. The pathogenesis is still unclear. The existing research on genetic genes mainly focuses on genome-wide association analysis, linkage analysis, candidate gene analysis and mitochondrial genome, and the enzymology research mainly focuses on lyases and inhibitory components. In addition, apoptosis, inflammatory reaction and chronic corneal injury (eye rubbing, wearing of corneal contact lenses, ultraviolet) are also related to the pathogenesis of keratoconus. (Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2022, 46:  304-309) Related Articles | Metrics

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Epidemiology and pathogenesis of glucocorticoid-induced cataract Li Chenshuang, Yan Hong International Review of Ophthalmology    2022, 46 (4): 296-303.   DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1673-5803.2022.04.002 Abstract （354）            Knowledge map    Save The long-term use of systemic glucocorticoid as well as topical sustained-release preparations would result in glucocorticoid induced cataract (GIC), increasing the risk of both cortical and nuclear cataracts and making the onset of cataracts earlier than those of healthy people. The risk of cataracts is different according to different administration methods, doses, dosage forms and the disparate systemic diseases. For example, intravitreal injection of long-acting sustained-release glucocorticoids is about 3 to 5 times the risk of cataracts compared with oral administration. The risk of cataracts was 1.03 times higher for every additional 1 g of prednisone-equivalent cumulative oral hormone. The risk of cataracts was 2.4 times higher in patients taking the third-generation glucocorticoid Difloxacin than in patients taking prednisone. The pathogenesis of GIC has not been thoroughly elucidated, and the current research mainly focuses on glucocorticoid receptor-mediated changes in protein structure and function, abnormal cell differentiation caused by growth factors, excessive activation of apoptosis, changes in the structure and function of crystallins and oxidative stress. (Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2022, 46:  296-303) Related Articles | Metrics

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Pathogenesis and malignant transformation mechanism of IgG4-related ophthalmic diseases Yan Haihan, Ma Jianmin International Review of Ophthalmology    2023, 47 (2): 163-169.   DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1673-5803.2023.02.012 Abstract （616）            Knowledge map    Save IgG4-related ophthalmic disease (IgG4-ROD) is an occult-progressive disease characterized by IgG4 and plasma cell infiltration, mattostriate fibrosis, and occlusive phlebitis in tumor-like tissues. At present, the pathogenesis and malignant mechanism of IgG4-ROD remain unclear. After pathogen infection, the pathogen recognition receptor encoded by the innate immune recognition germ line activates B cells, and promotes the activation and class switch to IgG4 of B cells with the assistance of Tfh cells, resulting in the infiltration of IgG4 in tissues. B cells activate cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) cells, which together with CTL cells promote fibrosis. IgG4-ROD can malicious change into mucosa associated lymphoid tissue type (MALT),  immunity and inflammation may be involved in the pathogenesis.(Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2023, 47: 163-169) Related Articles | Metrics

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Relationship between choroidal volume and pathogenesis of angle closure glaucoma Zheng Xuanli, Lin Haishuang, Wan Rui, Zhang Shaodan, Liang Yuanbo International Review of Ophthalmology    2023, 47 (2): 104-109.   DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1673-5803.2023.02.002 Abstract （432）            Knowledge map    Save The mechanism of angle closure glaucoma is unclear. Although a direct causal relationship between choroidal volume changes and angle closure glaucoma has not been established, angle closure glaucoma has thicker choroidal thickness and higher proportion of choroidal effusion. Obstruction of venous return and abnormal distribution of arterial blood flow may be the possible mechanism of increased choroidal volume in angle closure glaucoma. Increased choroidal volume may be a key factor in the development of angle-closure glaucoma.(Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2023, 47: 104-109) Related Articles | Metrics

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Research progress of fundus lesions in hypertensive disorder complicating pregnancy Wei Dan, Su Jiumei, Gao Jun International Review of Ophthalmology    2022, 46 (4): 351-355.   DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1673-5803.2022.04.012 Abstract （288）            Knowledge map    Save Hypertensive disorder complicating pregnancy (HDCP) is a common serious complication in obstetrics. Systemic small vessel spasm, vessel endothelial injury and ischemia are the basic pathophysiological changes, which in turn cause retinal ischemia, hypoxia, increased vascular permeability, and HDCP fundus lesions (retinal edema, hemorrhage, and retinal detachment, etc.). HDCP fundus lesions are divided into arterial spasm stage, arteriosclerosis stage and retinopathy stage. In addition to the fundus photographs, OCT can detect changes in retinal thickness and other structure, such as multiple superficial retinal detachment, high-reflection bright spots on the outside of the retina, Elschnig spots, and the thickness changes of the choroid etc. Fundus lesions in HDCP patients and the influencing factors related to the severity of fundus lesions include blood pressure, serum albumin, proteinuria and uric acid. In HDCP patients with fundus lesions, the incidence of low birth weight infants (<2.5 kg) is increased, but its effect on retinopathy of prematurity remains inconclusive.(Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2022, 46:  351-355) Related Articles | Metrics

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Research on the changes of ocular surface microorganisms in meibomian gland dysfunction patients Bao Zhengyilin Zhang Wenjia Huang Yue Hu Zhulin International Review of Ophthalmology    2022, 46 (4): 324-327.   DOI: 10.3760/ cma.j.issn.1673-5803.2022.04.006 Abstract （296）            Knowledge map    Save Meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD) is closely related to ocular surface microorganisms. The changes in the species and quantity of ocular surface microorganisms are the inducement or aggravating factors of MGD. There are many potential pathogenic strains on the ocular surface in MGD patients, such as coagulate negative staphylococcus, propionibacterium acnes, and corynebacterium and so on. The strong immune escape and toxicity of ocular surface microorganisms affect the immune response of MGD patients. In addition, the microorganisms on the eye surface have lipase and protease activities, which affect the secretion and anti-inflammatory response of eyelid fat in meibomian gland, and aggravate the condition of MGD patients.(Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2022, 46:  324-327) Related Articles | Metrics

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Advances in genetic researches of concomitant strabismus Wang Yachen, Fu Tao International Review of Ophthalmology    2022, 46 (4): 366-369.   DOI: 10.3760/ cma.j.issn.1673-5803.2022.04.015 Abstract （337）            Knowledge map    Save The etiology and pathogenesis of concomitant strabismus is complex. Some patients have a clear family history, indicating that genetic factors play an important role in the pathogenesis of concomitant strabismus. Concomitant strabismus is generally considered as a kind of disease with complex genetic pattern and high genetic heterogeneity. Esotropia and exotropia show different genetic pattern and heritability in different studies. In recent years, genetic studies revealed the role of 7q31.2 and 4q28.3 locus, variation of gene like ARIX, and NPLOC4-TSPAN10-PDE6G gene cluster in the pathogenesis of concomitant strabismus. Future studies need larger sample size, more pedigrees study, and more specific gene mutations. (Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2022, 46: 366-369) Related Articles | Metrics

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Research status of optic disc structure in peripapillary hyper-reflective ovoid mass-like structures  Meng Jiaxin, Liu Xia, Zhao Ying International Review of Ophthalmology    2023, 47 (6): 488-493.   DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1673-5803.2023.06.002 Abstract （446）      PDF（pc） （1152KB）（1481）       Knowledge map    Save Peripapillary hyper-reflective ovoid mass-like structures (PHOMS) are a novel finding observed through enhanced-depth imaging optical coherence tomography (EDI-OCT), appearing as annular or partially annular complexes containing vascular structures surrounding the optic disc on EDI-OCT images. PHOMS frequently coexist with tilted optic disc, optic disc drusen, demyelinating optic neuritis, Leber hereditary optic neuropathy, ischemic optic neuropathy, idiopathic intracranial hypertension, pseudopapilledema and other diseases related to axoplasmic flow stasis. However their pathophysiology and significance remain unclear. (Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2023, 47:  488-493) Related Articles | Metrics

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Biomarkers for the treatment effect of diabetic macular edema with anti-vascular endothelial growth factors Pang Shaofang, Yang Meng, Hu Bojie International Review of Ophthalmology    2023, 47 (2): 144-149.   DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1673-5803.2023.02.009 Abstract （438）            Knowledge map    Save At present, anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) drugs have become the first-line treatment for diabetic macular edema (DME), but there are still some patients with poor therapeutic effect. Numerous cytokines are involved in the development of DME and their expression levels change after treatment with anti-VEGF drugs, which may be relevant to the prognosis of DME. Baseline VEGF and monocyte chemotactic protein (MCP)-1 in aqueous humor and intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM)-1 and solutable VEGF receptor (sVEGFR)-2 after anti-VEGF treatment may serve as potential biomarkers to evaluate DME treatment. Imaging changes such as central macular thickness, macular volume, hyperreflective foci, subretinal fluid, vessel density and foveal avascular zone could predict and evaluate the therapeutic effect of DME. Therefore, understanding the baseline cytokine, post-treatment cytokine levels, imaging changes and the correlation among them is helpful to guide the personalized treatment of DME patients from different perspectives, explore the pathogenesis of DME and search for potential therapeutic targets for DME. (Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2023, 47: 144-149) Related Articles | Metrics

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Appliance of fundus multimodal imaging in the diagnosis and follow-up of Coats disease Zhou Ziyi, Dou Guorui, Wang Yusheng International Review of Ophthalmology    2023, 47 (2): 156-162.   DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1673-5803.2023.02.011 Abstract （474）            Knowledge map    Save Coats disease is characterized by retinal telangiectasia. Fundus fluorescein angiography (FFA) is the authentic standard for the diagnosis of retinal vasodilation and leakage in Coats disease. In addition, fundus photography and ocular B-ultrasound are also widely used in the diagnosis and evaluation of Coats disease. While considering the lack of specificity in the examination results, their assistance in the diagnosis and follow-up of Coats disease are limited. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) could display the structural changes of each layer of the retina and clarify the pathological tissues, providing plenty of information for the clinical diagnosis of Coats disease. Optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) and ultra-widefield fluorescein angiography (UWFA) could accurately evaluate the pathological condition of Coats disease. At the same time, ultra-widefield fundus photograph (UWF) and colored photography have supplemented more information with traditional fundus photography techniques. Therefore, the combination of UWF and UWFA with OCT and OCTA can provide more comprehensive information for the diagnosis of Coats disease, and provide a more comprehensive means of follow-up, evaluation and further understanding of the pathogenesis for the Coats disease. (Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2023, 47: 156-162) Related Articles | Metrics

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Mechanism of inflammatory response in posterior capsule opacification after cataract surgery in high myopia Ma Hui, Bao Yongzhen International Review of Ophthalmology    2023, 47 (2): 121-125.   DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1673-5803.2023.02.005 Abstract （474）            Knowledge map    Save High myopia is a high risk factor for cataract and posterior capsule opacification (PCO) after cataract surgery. The occurrence time of PCO in high myopia is earlier, the degree is heavier, the treatment risk is higher. Previous studies have shown that inflammatory response plays an important role in the pathogenesis of high myopia and PCO, and the inflammatory microenvironment in high myopia seems to be closely related to the occurrence of PCO. The elevated levels of inflammatory factors such as interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), and matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) in highly myopic eyes are involved in epithelial-mesenchymal transition and extracellular matrix contraction, which promotes the development of PCO.(Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2023, 47: 121-125) Related Articles | Metrics

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The role of oxytocin in visual cortex plasticity Sun Yifan, Hao Rui International Review of Ophthalmology    2023, 47 (2): 170-174.   DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1673-5803.2023.02.013 Abstract （319）            Knowledge map    Save Oxytocin is a neurotransmitter synthesized by the hypothalamus. Oxytocin and astrocytes play important roles in promoting visual cortex plasticity. It has been shown that dark-reared mice have reduced excitatory synaptic transmission in primary visual cortex and decreased oxytocin secretion. Oxytocin participates in the opening of the critical period via Somatostatin-positive (SST+) interneurons, and it is related to neurogenesis in adulthood. Both endogenous and exogenous oxytocin can affect the morphology of astrocytes. The synaptic elimination of astrocytes is closely related to the refinement of neural circuits. The immature astrocytes reopen critical period in adult mice, which means the critical period can be extended as long as delaying the maturation of astrocytes. (Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2023, 47: 170-174) Related Articles | Metrics

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Related molecular mechanisms of oxidative stress in retinitis pigmentosa Chen Peipei, Liu Xi, Ding Xuemeng, Guan Huaijin International Review of Ophthalmology    2022, 46 (4): 341-346.   DOI: 10.3760/ cma.j.issn.1673-5803.2022.04.010 Abstract （267）            Knowledge map    Save Retinitis pigmentosa (RP) is an inherited retinal disease. Non-genetic biological factors such as inflammation, autophagy and oxidative stress also play important roles in its pathogenesis and progression. Oxidative DNA damage is a key regulator of microglia activation and photoreceptor degeneration in RP and is also a mutation of endogenous antioxidant pathways including DNA repair, protection from oxidative stress, and genes associated with antioxidant defense (MUTYH, CERKL and GLO1 genes) activation. Exposure to oxidative stress alters the expression of microRNA and long noncoding RNA. Furthermore, upregulation of the P2X7 receptor causes macrophages and microglia to release pro-inflammatory cytokines and reactive oxygen species, leading to neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration in RP. Multi-pathway analysis suggests that oxidative microglia activation may trigger a vicious cycle of neuroinflammation and degeneration, suggesting that microglia may be a key therapeutic target for oxidative stress in RP.(Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2022, 46:  341-346) Related Articles | Metrics

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Pathogenesis of allergic conjunctivitis-associated dry eye Jiao Xiting, Gao Ning, Yang Ruibo International Review of Ophthalmology    2023, 47 (2): 186-191.   DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1673-5803.2023.02.016 Abstract （398）            Knowledge map    Save Allergic conjunctivitis is a common ocular surface disease in clinics and one of the important risk factors for triggering or aggravating dry eye. Allergic conjunctivitis and dry eye are mutually reinforcing and causal. The former can induce or exacerbate dry eye through mechanisms such as damaging the epithelial barrier of the ocular surface, causing tear film instability, meibomian gland dysfunction, and lid-wiper epitheliopathy. Meanwhile, dry eye can promote and aggravate ocular allergy due to (relatively) insufficient tear volume, injury to the ocular surface epithelial barrier, and neurogenic inflammatory responses. In addition, dysbiosis of the ocular surface and mental disorders such as anxiety and depression also bridge the coexistence or interconversion of the two.(Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2023, 47: 186-191) Related Articles | Metrics

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Current status of glaucoma patient management Si Zhibo, Zhang Chenchen, Zheng Yajuan International Review of Ophthalmology    2023, 47 (2): 110-115.   DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1673-5803.2023.02.003 Abstract （480）            Knowledge map    Save Lifelong follow-up is necessary for glaucoma patients. It is critical to manage glaucoma as a chronic disease. At present, there are different management strategies for glaucoma patients worldwide. In developed countries, hierarchical diagnosis and treatment system and supporting education are adopted to improve patients' treatment compliance. In recent years, the management of glaucoma patients in China has gradually developed from the tertiary hospital responsibility system to the mobile medical management mode, including disease screening, diagnosis and long-term follow-up.(Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2023, 47: 110-115) Related Articles | Metrics

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Direct measurement and intraocular distribution of intraocular pressure Ji Yiting, Lin Haishuang, Zhou Mengtian, Xie Yanqian, Liang Yuanbo International Review of Ophthalmology    2023, 47 (1): 1-5.   DOI: 10.3760/ cma.j.issn.1673-5803.2023.01.001 Abstract （462）      PDF（pc） （968KB）（1452）       Knowledge map    Save Accurate intraocular pressure (IOP) measurement is crucial in eye diseases such as glaucoma. Direct measurement of intraocular pressure can avoid the influence of the cornea on the measurement accuracy and clarify the pressure in the posterior eye segment as well as the distribution of the pressure inside the eyeball. Safe and minimally invasive devices are currently available for the pressure measurement of the anterior chamber and the vitreous cavity. Pupillary block, aphakia and the changes in the composition of the vitreous cavity can affect the pressure distribution in the anterior chamber and the vitreous cavity. Performing intraocular pressure measurements can provide more information and new ideas for diagnosis and treatment of malignant glaucoma and other certain diseases. (Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2023, 47: 1-5) Related Articles | Metrics

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Application of polymerase chain reaction in diagnosis and guiding treatment of human herpesvirus keratitis Wang Dandan, Xu Yesheng, Zheng Libin, Yao Yufeng International Review of Ophthalmology    2023, 47 (2): 181-185.   DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1673-5803.2023.02.015 Abstract （343）            Knowledge map    Save Human herpes virus is the most common pathogen causing viral keratitis. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technology can rapidly and accurately detect suspected pathogens in a limited number of eye samples by amplifying target genes. After optimization, PCR technology is more suitable for clinical detection. Multiplex PCR can identify various virus subtypes at the same time, which is more efficiency and requires less sample. Quantitative real-time PCR can detect viral load, which can be used to guide whether drug resistance occurs during the treatment process and whether to stop the medicine. Solid-phase PCR can reduce the pipetting error, and the detection results are more rapid and stable. A thorough understanding of various PCR techniques and their applications will help to better diagnose and guide the treatment of herpes virus-associated keratitis. (Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2023, 47: 181-185) Related Articles | Metrics

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Ocular manifestations after antiretroviral therapy in AIDS patients Kang Yonghua, Zhuang Xun, Zhu Rongrong International Review of Ophthalmology    2022, 46 (4): 356-360.   DOI: 10.3760/ cma.j.issn.1673-5803.2022.04.013 Abstract （280）            Knowledge map    Save Antiretroviral therapy (ART) is the main method of treatment of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. With the widely application of the ART drugs, the survival time of AIDS patients is prolonged, and the reports of ocular side effects associated with ART drugs are gradually increased. Patients may have visual impairment, mainly manifestedas immune recovery uveitis, retinal and optic nerve damage, cataract, etc. (Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2022, 46:  356-360) Related Articles | Metrics

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Prognostic factors for postoperative visual acuity in idiopathic epiretinal membrane Zhao Yi, Yang Zhen, Zhang Chen, Yang Xiaoli International Review of Ophthalmology    2023, 47 (2): 138-143.   DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1673-5803.2023.02.008 Abstract （351）            Knowledge map    Save Most studies showed that idiopathic epiretinal membrane (IERM) patients with better preoperative best corrected visual acuity and shorter duration of symptoms will obtain better postoperative visual acuity. Preoperative imaging features such as preoperative macular morphology, macular fovea thickness, ellipsoid zone integrity and photoreceptor outer segment length have certain predictive value for postoperative visual acuity in IERM.(Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2023, 47: 138-143) Related Articles | Metrics

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A systematic review of diagnostic criteria for subclinical keratoconus Jiang Hanxiao, Xu Yesheng, Zheng Libin, Yao Yufeng International Review of Ophthalmology    2023, 47 (2): 97-103.   DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1673-5803.2023.02.001 Abstract （459）            Knowledge map    Save Objective  To identify the diagnostic criteria used for the terms subclinical keratoconus in published articles. Methods  This was a systematic review of all research on the use of the keyword "subclinical keratoconus" in PubMed, Cochrane Library, Embase database, CNKI, Wanfang Data Knowledge Service Platform and China Science and Technology Journal Database from January 2000 to March 2022. Two independent reviewers analyzed the data. The inclusion criteria for articles included that a sample size of subclinical keratoconus eyes was greater than 20 eyes, they contained the definition of subclinical keratoconus, and Newcastle-Ottawa Scale(NOS) was used to evaluate the quality of literature. Inclusion criteria for definition and examination technology used of the selected articles were then analyzed. Results  A total of 263 studies were included, of which 207 were excluded. Definitions for subclinical keratoconus included that the criteria of having keratoconus in the fellow eye was in 66.07% (37 of 56) of the articles. Lacking of any keratoconus-related findings/signs in the slit-lamp biomicroscopy was in 35.71% (20 of 56). Normal-appearing corneal on slit-lamp biomicroscopy, or keratometry, or retinoscopy, or ophthalmoscopy was in 33.93% (19 of 56). Conclusions  This review demonstrates the lack of unified criteria to define subclinical keratoconus. According to the literature review, the most common subclinical keratoconus definition used refers to an eye with keratoconus in the fellow eye and normal-appearing corneal on slit-lamp biomicroscopy.(Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2023, 47: 97-103) Related Articles | Metrics

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The role of the vitreous microenvironment in the development of diabetic retinopathy Huang Xiaofeng, Guo Tai, Zhao Hanpeng, Liu Yue, Cui Ying International Review of Ophthalmology    2023, 47 (2): 150-155.   DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1673-5803.2023.02.010 Abstract （369）            Knowledge map    Save Diabetic retinopathy (DR) has a complex pathogenesis involving the accumulation of advanced glycosylation end products, oxidative stress, chronic inflammation, retinal ischemia and hypoxia, and neuronal degenerative disease, which leads to alterations in the vitreous microenvironment. The vitreous microenvironment refers to the surrounding structures and components in the vitreous cavity that can affect retinal cells and retinal neovascularization, which covers metabolites, physical components, cellular components, and biochemical components in the vitreous. The alteration of these components may promote the progression of DR through multiple pathways, such as protein kinase C activation, formation of advanced glycation end products, upregulation of cytokines, etc.  Therefore, the study and understanding of the changes in the vitreous microenvironment are of great importance for preventing and treating DR.(Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2023, 47: 150-155) Related Articles | Metrics

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Mesenchymal chondrosarcoma of orbit Jia Hongqin, Cai Rongrong, Bi Yingwen International Review of Ophthalmology    2023, 47 (2): 175-180.   DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1673-5803.2023.02.014 Abstract （377）            Knowledge map    Save Orbital mesenchymal chondrosarcoma is a relatively rare ocular neoplasm, and the male: female ratio is 1.1:1. It is unilateral and occurs mainly in young adults which HEY1-NCOA2 gene fusion can be detected by molecular genetics. In the early stage, ocular compression symptoms such as proptosis and diminution of vision are the main symptoms. In severe cases, it may invade adjacent structures or organs, but distant metastasis is very rare. Characteristic calcification on imaging is helpful to assist the preoperative diagnosis. Mesenchymal chondrosarcoma is difficult to differentiate in histopathology which is a small round-cell tumor with typical biphasic histology. Currently, this tumor is treated primarily with surgical resection, and the recurrence rate is high, postoperative radiotherapy may improve the patient's prognosis. (Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2023, 47: 175-180) Related Articles | Metrics