Table of Content

25 March 2015, Volume 24 Issue 2

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Molecuar genetic analysis in the diagnosis for sporadic patients with optic neuropathies

LI Yang

2015, 24(2):  73-75.  doi:10. 13281/j. cnki. issn.1004-4469. 2015. 02. 001

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Optic neuropathies are groups of complex diseases. Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and autosomal dominant optic atrophy (ADOA) are responsible for parts of cases with unknown reason optic neuropathies and sometimes lack to family history. Therefore, it’s very important to do genetic analysis of LHON and ADOA for this kind of patients in order to avoid misdiagnosis or missed diagnosis. (Ophthalmol CHN, 2015, 24: 73-75)

To alert a variety of ocular diseases mimic acute attack of primary angle-closure glaucoma

ZHANG Xiu-lan, LI Xing-yi

2015, 24(2):  76-78.  doi:10. 13281/j. cnki. issn.1004-4469. 2015. 02. 002

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Acute attack of primary angle-closure disease is characterized by acute closure of anterior chamber angle and a dramatic increase in intraocular pressure. However, a variety of patients with ocular or systemic diseases can lead to the similar symptoms and signs, which represent as secondary acute angle-closure disease, such as zonlar dysfunction, intraocular inflammation or tumor causing angle closure. Therefore misdiagnosis should be alerted. Detailed history taking, careful ocular checking and auxiliary examinations should be made for correct diagnosis and appropriate treatment. (Ophthalmol CHN, 2015, 24: 76-78)

Characteristics of OPA1 genotype in Chinese patients with suspected hereditary optic atrophy

XIE Yue, CHEN Jie-qiong, XU Ke, LIU Li-juan, ZHANG Xiao-hui, JIANG Feng, DONG Bing, LI Yang

2015, 24(2):  79-84.  doi:10. 13281/j. cnki. issn.1004-4469. 2015. 02. 003

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Objective To report the results of mutation analysis of the OPA1 gene in a cohort of patients with suspected hereditary optic atrophy and describe clinical features of autosomal dominant optic atrophy (ADOA) patients. Design Retrospective case series. Participants Two hundred and ninety-one suspected ADOA probands who have been excluded from 16 primary mitochondrial DNA mutations associated with Leber hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) in our prior screening. Among them 55 had a family history of hereditary optic neuropathy, and 236 were sporadic cases. All patients were unrelated. Methods The coding region (exon 1-28), including intron-exon boundary of the OPA1 gene, were screened in participants and some family members by using PCR-based sequencing methods. The clinical features of ADOA patients were recorded. Main Outcome Measures Mutations of OPA1 gene, family history, age of onset, visual acuity, and fundus photography. Results Fifty-one OPA1 pathogenic mutations were found in 60 patients (60/291, 20.6%). Of the 51 intragenic mutations, 37 were detected for the first time in this study or in our precious studies. The mutations contained 43% (22/51) of missense mutations, 19% (10/51) of nonsense mutations, 14% (7/51) of splice site mutations, and 24% (12/51) of deletions or insertions. The majority of OPA1 intragenic mutations were located in exon 27 and 9, for 8 and 6 times, respectively. Followed by exon 8, 26 and 28, where mutations had been identified 5 times. One reported mutation c.2708_2711delTTAG in exon 27 was identified in 6 unrelated probands. The male-to-female ratio of the 60 positive probands was almost 1.4:1. The mean onset age of visual deficit was 7.97±7.31 years (ranging from 3-33 years) and the mean logMAR visual acuity for the probands carrying OPA1 mutations was 0.84±0.42. Sixty ADOA patients presented with bilateral, symmetric visual failure and optic nerve degeneration. In this study, the appearance of the optic nerve head was divided into two categories, with a prominent temporal wedge pallor in 45 of 60 patients (75%) and total disc pallor observed in 13 of 60 patients (22%). Conclusion Our findings expand the spectrum of OPA1 mutation and the exon 8, 9 and 26 to 28 were the hot regions of OPA1 gene mutations. It is important to perform an OPA1 gene mutation analysis for patients with suspected autosomal dominant optic atrophy. (Ophthalmol CHN, 2015, 24: 79-84)

Mitochondria DNA mutation detection and clinical features in Chinese patients with suspected hereditary optic atrophy

XIE Yue, CHEN Jie-qiong, XU Ke, LIU Li-juan, ZHANG Xiao-hui, JIANG Feng, DONG Bing, LI Yang

2015, 24(2):  85-89.  doi:10. 13281/j. cnki. issn.1004-4469. 2015. 02. 004

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Objective To report the mutation ratio, mutation feature and corresponding clinical manifestations of Leber hereditary optic neuropathy(LHON) in Chinese patients with suspected hereditary optic atrophy. Design Retrospective case series. Participants Nine hundred and nine probands who have been suspected as LHON from 2006 to 2014 collected at our laboratory. Methods Sixteen primary LHON-causing mtDNA mutations were screened by PCR-based sequencing methods for all participants and some family members. The clinical features of LHON patients were recorded. Main Outcome Measures mtDNA mutation family medical history, visual acuity and fundus photography. Results Molecular defect in 432 (47.52%) of the 909 probands screened was detected. Among these, 369 patients (85.42%) were caused by m.11778G>A(294/432, 68.06%), m.14484T>C(58/432, 13.43%) or m.3460G>A(17/432, 3.94%). And 10 rare primary mtDNA mutation (m.3635G>A, m.3733G>A, m.3736G>A, m.3866T>C, m.4171C>A, m.10680G>A, m.11696A>G, m.14459G>A, m.14482C>G, m.T14502T>C) were found in 44 patients(10.18%). The other 19 (4.40%) patients were carrying two primary mtDNA mutations. The mean onset age of visual loss was 18.53±9.31 years (ranging from 3-66 years). The mean logMAR visual acuity for the probands carrying LHON-causing mtDNA mutations was 1.36±0.68. Conclusion LHON is a major type of Chinese hereditary optic atrophy. It is important to perform a mtDNA gene test for patients with unexplained decreased visual acuity. The mutation frequency of m.3460G>A is low in Chinese. (Ophthalmol CHN, 2015, 24: 85-89)

Characteristics of RS1 genotype in Chinese patients with X-linked retinoschisis

JIANG Feng, CHEN Jie-qiong, XU Ke, ZHANG Xiao-hui, LI Yang

2015, 24(2):  90-95.  doi:10. 13281/j. cnki. issn.1004-4469. 2015. 02. 005

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Objective To identify the mutations of the RS1 gene in Chinese patients with X-linked retinoschisis (XLRS) and describe their associated phenotype. Design Retrospective cases series. Participants 27 patients including 12 patients with family history and 15 sporadic cases with retinolschisis were recruited. Methods All the exons including the exon-intron boundaries of the RS1 gene, were amplified by PCR and the products were analyzed by direct sequencing in all the patients, and each proband underwent clinical examinations, including best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) using E decimal charts, slit-lamp biomicroscopy, fundus examination and photography, optical coherence tomography (OCT)，and electronic retinogram (ERG). Main Outcome Measures Mutations of RS1 gene, onset age, visual acuity, fundus appearances. Results 27 RS1 gene mutations were found in 27 unrelated families, 4 of which were novel and 22 of which were located in exon 4-6 that encodes the discoidin domain of RS1 gene (85.2%). The mutations contained 15 missence mutations (55.6%), 4 nonsense mutations(14.8%), 4 deletions/insertions (14.8%), 2 splice site mutations(7.4%), and 2 large genomic deletions (7.4%). All patients were males, the median age of onset was 4.70±1.25 years (rang 0-34 years), the median BCVA upon review was 0.22±0.289 (rang hand motion-1.0). Of all the 27 patients (54 eyes), 40 eyes had typical macular schisis(74.1%), 7 eyes only had peripheral retinal schisis, 5 eyes had macular atrophy in which 3 had peripheral retinal schisis. Conclusion The mutations found in this study broaden the spectrum of RS1 gene mutations, and the exon 4-6 was the hot region of RS1 gene mutations, so these region should be given priority for RS1 gene mutation screening. (Ophthalmol CHN, 2015, 24: 90-95)

The influence of posterior chamber phakic intraocular lens on lens epithelium and aqueous flow of the implanted rabbit eyes

DONG Zhe, DING Ning, HONG Jie

2015, 24(2):  97-99.  doi:10.13281/j.cnki.issn.1004-4469.2015.02.006

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 Objective To observe the influence of posterior chamber phakic intraocular lens ( PC-PIOL) on the eye tissue and aqueous flow of the implanted eyes. Design Experimental study. Participant 20 New Zealand standard experiment rabbits (20 eyes). Methods 20 experiment rabbits were randomly divided into 2 groups, 10 rabbits each group, and the right eye in each group was observed PC-PIOL implanted only in eyes of experimental group. After inflammation caused by surgery was well controlled, tracer element was injected into posterior chamber of the experimental eye, and the time of its appearance in anterior chamber was recorded for the two groups. Then the anterior capsular membrane of right eyes in two groups was taken for examination with electron
microscope. Main Outcome Measures Proportion of eyes with tracer element appearing in anterior chamber corresponding time cost for tracer appearing, and the morphology of capsular cell. Results The tracer element appeared in anterior chamber in 4 eyes in experiment group, and 5 eyes in control group. The difference was not significant (χ²=0.639, P=0.412). The time of tracer appearance was (3.07±0.03) seconds in experiment group, and (2.42±0.08) seconds in control group (t=1.413，P=0.081). The cell morphology shows no unusual appearance between both groups. Conclusion The implantation of PC-PIOL did not induce the significant impact on capsular cell morphology short time after surgery, and did not obstruct acquous flow from posterior chamber to anterior chamber . (Ophthalmol CHN, 2015, 24: 97-99)

Analysis on the causes of intraocular lens exchange

LIU Jing, BU Juan, SUN Yan-xiu, HAO Yan-sheng

2015, 24(2):  100-102.  doi:10. 13281/j. cnki. issn.1004-4469. 2015. 02. 007

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Objective To investigate the causes and precaution of intraocular lens (IOL) exchange. Design Retrospective case series. Participants 28 eyes which underwent IOL exchange in Peking University Third Hospital from April, 2012 to May, 2013. Methods The medical history, the causes and IOL dislocation, capsular rupture condition of these patients and precaution measures were analyzed. Main Outcome Measures Causes of IOL exchange, IOL dislocation and posterior capsule rupture condition. Results The causes of IOL exchange included bullous keratopathy with angle supported anterior chamber IOL (35.70%), IOL dislocation (50.00%) included complete dislocation in vitreous (35.70%) and dislocation with ischemic optic neuropathy (7.14%) and luxation with high myopia (7.14%), refractive error (7.14%) included one high myopia eye with wrong calculation IOL diopter and one eye high myopia shift after pediatric cataract surgery, IOL damage due to laser (7.14%). The precaution included improving surgery technique, avoiding implanting angle supported anterior chamber IOL, avoiding instantly increasing intraocular pressure during the surgery, correctly calculating IOL diopter etc. Conclusion The main causes of IOL exchange include IOL dislocation and bullous keratopathy induced by the angle supported anterior chamber IOL. It will be helpful to reduce the rate of IOL exchange if we can improve surgery techniques, avoid increasing intraocular pressure instantly, avoid angle supported anterior chamber IOL, increase laser therapy techniques, select suitable calculation formula for high myopia etc. (Ophthalmol CHN, 2015, 24: 100-102)

Etiology and clinical characteristics of infantile cataract combined with vitreous abnormities

MA Yan, LU Hai

2015, 24(2):  103-107.  doi:10.13281/j.cnki.issn.1004-4469.2015.02.008

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Objective To investigate clinical characteristics and etiology of infantile cataract combined with vitreous abnormalities. Design Retrospective and non-controlled case series. Participants From January 2013 to July 2014 at Beijing Tongren Eye Center eighty-four children (114 eyes) aged 3-year old or younger who were diagnosed as cataract and detected vitreous abnormality by ophthalmic color Doppler flow imaging (CDFI) ultrasound were enrolled. Methods Charts of these patients were reviewed. Age, chief complaints, signs, CDFI examination and suggested diagnosis, proven diagnosis, past history, family history, and pregnancy history of their mothers were recorded. Etiology and clinical characteristics were analyzed. Main Outcome Measures Age, symptoms, course, signs, CDFI manifestations and suggested diagnosis, proven diagnosis. Results Age at presentation varied from 0 to15 months (2.7±3.0 months). Age at diagnosis was 2~20 months (7.8±4.2 months). Abnormalities were noticed by parents in 81 cases (96.4%) and detected by eye examinations in 3 cases (3.6%). The first noticed symptoms were leukocoria in 39 cases (46.4%), unable to follow objects in 16 cases (19.0%), strabismus in 10 cases (11.9%), and binocular asymmetry in 7 cases (8.3%). The cataract was complete type in 75 eyes (65.8%), posterior polar type in 38 eyes (33.3%), and membranous type in 1 eye (0.9%). They could complicate with nystagmus, strabismus, microphthalmia, shallow anterior chamber, secondary glaucoma, persistent pupillary membrane, tractional retinal detachment and coloboma of choroid. CDFI suggested diagnosis included persistent hyperplastic primary vitreous (PHPV) in 111 eyes (97.4%), retinal detachment in 3 eyes (2.6%). Confirmed diagnosis after surgery included PHPV in 76 eyes (66.7%), family exudative vitreoretinopathy (FEVR) in 14 eyes (12.3%) and congenital cataract in 24 eyes (21.0%). CDFI suggested diagnosis and post-operative confirmed diagnosis were consistent in 69.3% cases. Conclusion Patients who were diagnosed as infantile cataract presumptively with abnormal vitreous were mostly at large month-old and mostly noticed as leukocoria by their parents, which could complicate with a variety of ocular abnormality. Pre-operative CDFI examination could detect vitreous and retinal disorders. (Ophthalmol CHN, 2015, 24: 103-107)

Long-term effect of LASIK for myopia

ZHAO Ke-hao, LU Wen-xiu, WANG Wen-cui, LEI Hong

2015, 24(2):  108-111.  doi:10. 13281/j. cnki. issn.1004-4469. 2015. 02. 009

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Objective To investigate the long-term efficacy and safety of laser in situ keratomileusis (LASIK) for myopia. Design Retrospective case series. Participants 343 eyes of 175 patients with myopia who underwent LASIK to correct their refractive errors in Beijing Xinli Eye Clinic from 2003 to 2007 and received regular postoperative assessments for 5~9 years. The preoperative refraction was (-6.40±2.83) D (-1.50 D~-15.75D). Methods Patients with myopia underwent LASIK and regular postoperative examinations were performed at 3 months, 1 year and 5~9 years after LASIK surgery. The mean follow-up period was 6.54±1.13 years (range 5 to 9 years). Uncorrected visual acuity (UCVA), best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), refraction, corneal curvature, corneal thickness and intraocular pressure (IOP) were checked at every follow-up. Patients filled in a satisfaction survey form at the last follow-up. Main Outcome Measures UCVA, BCVA, refraction, corneal curvature, corneal thickness, IOP, complications, and patient satisfaction. Results There were 336 eyes (97.96%), 326 eyes (95.04%) and 302 eyes (88.05%) with UCVA ≥ 1.0 at 3 months, 1 year and 5~9 years after LASIK surgery respectively; 340 eyes (99.13%), 340 eyes (99.13%) and 333 eyes (97.08%) with UCVA ≥ 0.6 respectively, and 30 eyes (8.75%), 37 eyes (10.79%) and 32 eyes (9.33%) with BCVA improved ≥ 2 lines respectively. The mean postoperative spherical equivalent (SE) was -0.14±0.46 D, -0.21±0.46 D, -0.36±0.52 D, respectively. Corneal curvature, corneal thickness and IOP assessed by noncontact tonometry showed mild increasing during the follow-up period. No serious complication was observed. 174 (99.4%) patients answered that they were satisfied or very satisfied with surgery. Conclusion LASIK surgery is an effective and safe procedure for correcting myopia in the long term follow-up. (Ophthalmol CHN, 2015, 24: 108-111)

The influences of orthokeratology on corneal parameters of adolescent myopic eyes

KAN Fei-fei, HU Qi, CUI Jing, ZHOU Wen-yan, YANG Fan, WANG Ke-meng

2015, 24(2):  112-116.  doi:10. 13281/j. cnki. issn.1004-4469. 2015. 02. 010

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Objective To observe the changes of corneal curvature, anterior chamber depth (ACD) and anterior chamber volume (ACV) after wearing orthokeratology lens and investigate the relationship between corneal biomechanical properties and changes of corneal surfaces. Design Retrospective cases series. Participants Twenty-four orthokeratology patients (24 eyes) from Janurary to April in 2013 at the Optometry Center of the Ophthalmology Department in the First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University with age ranged from 8~16 years old, and spherical equivalent (SE) varied from -4.00~-5.00 D. Methods We applied Pentacam to analyze central corneal thickness (CCT), anterior flat keratometry (anterior Kf), anterior steep keratometry (anterior Ks), posterior flat keratometry (posterior Kf), posterior steep keratometry (posterior Ks), ACD, ACV before, overnight and after one month wearing or thokeratology lens. Ocular response analyzer (ORA) was used to analyze corneal hysteresis (CH), corneal resistance factor (CRF) be fore and after wearing orthokeratology. Main Outcome Measures Mean SE, anterior Kf, anterior Ks, posterior Kf, posterior Ks, ACD and ACV. Results After overnight wearing orthokeratology lens, the SE value significantly dropped (-2.35±0.85) D, anterior corneal surface became flattened, the value of anterior Kf reduced (1.31±0.64) D and anterior Ks decreased (1.20±0.76) D. After one-month wearing orthokeratology lens, SE decreased (-4.02 ± 0.54) D, the value of anterior Kf and Ks decreased (2.54 ± 1.13) D and (2.90 ±1.01) D respectively. ACD and ACV respectively reduced (0.02±0.02) mm and (1.71±3.54) mm3 after overnight wearing and with one month wearing respectively reduced (0.03±0.02)mm and (4.96±2.25)mm3. ACD and ACV significantly decreased after one-month, compared to the values before and overnight wearing orthokeratology (t=23.081, P=0.000; t=8.847, P=0.000; t=8.877, P=0.000; t=10.772, P=0.000). Posterior corneal curvature had no significant change (t=-0.365, P=0.718; t=-0.238, P=0,814), and there was no correlation between changes of ACD and ACV and corneal biomechanics (all P>0.05). But the changes of ACD and ACV had a trend to decrease with increasing corneal biomechanics properties. Conclusion Orthokeratology lens works well in correcting myopia. Posterior corneal surface becomes flatter after wearing orthokeratology lens, and the degrees of flatness may be influenced by corneal biomechanics properties. (Ophthalmol CHN, 2015, 24: 112-116)

Preliminary research on the accommodative function in patients with thyroid associated ophthalmopathy

ZHAI Ning1, WANG Xue2, WANG Xiao-bing1, ZHAO Shi-qiang1, DENG Xiu-jing1, CAO Qi-yue2, MA Fu-rong1

2015, 24(2):  119-122.  doi:10. 13281/j. cnki. issn.1004-4469. 2015. 02. 011

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Objective To explore the influences of thyroid associated ophthalmopathy (TAO) on the accommodative function of human eye. Design Prosprective case series. Participants 25 patients with TAO and 20 age and refraction matched healthy controls. The average age of the patients was 31.0±6.2 years old (18~40 years). Methods Direct refraction and subjective accommodative amplitude test were performed for all the participants. Objective measurement of accommodative function was examined using the Nidek AA-1 accommodative analyzer. Main Outcome Measures Accommodative amplitude, accommodative response. Results In the subjective accommodative amplitude test, the accommodation amplitude of TAO patients (+5.42±1.97 D) was lower than that of the controls (+6.54±1.66 D) (t=-2.88，P=0.005). In the objective accommodative function test, accommodative dysfunction happened in 17 cases (68%), including 11 cases (44%) with accommodative lag; 4 cases (16%) with accommodative lag combined with accommodative strain, and 3 cases (8%) with accommodative strain. Conclusion TAO can cause accommodative dysfunction, in which accommodative lag is most common. (Ophthalmol CHN, 2015, 24: 119-122)

The detection of virology in tear and clinical features of herpes keratitis

ZHANG Ai-xue, SUN Xu-guang, WANG Zhi-qun, ZHANG Yang

2015, 24(2):  123-127.  doi:10. 13281/j. cnki. issn.1004-4469. 2015. 02. 012

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Objective To evaluate the viral etiology test results, clinical features and treatment of patients who were diagnosed as herpes virus keratitis in clinic. Design A retrospective case series. Participants Eighty patients (43 male, 53.8%) who were clinically diagnosed as viral keratitis involving the epithelial or stroma in Beijing Tongren Hospital from Dec. 2012 to Sep. 2014. Based on the age, the patients were classified into children group (0-16 years old, 4(5%) cases ), adult group (17-59 years old, 56 (70%) cases) and aged group ( ≥ 60 years old, 20 (25%) cases). Methods Patients’ tear was collected for virus antibody test. RT-PCR was performed to test virus in patients’ lacrimal fluid and corneal epithelial cell next to ulceration region. The data of clinical characteristics including general states of health, medical history, clinical manifestation and clinical features of keratitis and its ocular complications were collected. Epithelial ulcers were treated with antiviral treatment and promotion for corneal repair. The patients with shallow stromal ulcerion were given antiviral, anti-inflammatory and mydriatic treatments. The patients with deep ulceration were given antiviral, immunosuppressant and mydriatic treatments. The mean follow-up period was 8.5 months. Main Outcome Measures The viral etiology test results, the onset season, age, sex, ocular manifestations and treatment. Result In the 80 cases, 75(93.75%) were unilateral keratitis. The onset season was in winter for 44 cases (55.00%), in spring for 20 cases (25.00%), in autumn for 9 cases (11.25%) and in summer for 7 cases (8.75%). HSV-1 antibody was positive in lacrimal fluid of 20 cases, and 11 cases were HSV-2 antibody positive.
PCR for HSV-1 was positive in 23 cases. PCR for EBV was positive in 2 cases. PCRs for HSV-2, VZV and CMV were all nega-tive. Among the 80 cases, 32 (40%) were epithelial keratitis and 48 cases (60%) were stromal keratitis. Children group, adult group and aged group had 1, 25 and 6 cases with epithelial keratitis respectively, and 3, 31 and 14 cases with stromal keratitis respectively. The proportion of epithelial or stromal keratitis in different age group was not significantly different (χ²=1.975, P=0.43), neither in different gender group (χ²=2.20, P=0.14). Fifty-eight cases (72.5%) improved markedly after two-week treatments, manifested as reduction in corneal ulceration area, conjunctival congestion and anterior chamber reaction. The number of relapse was significantly more frequent in EBV positive patients than in HSV-1 positive patients (F=18.2065，P=0.000). Conclusions Viral keratitis was caused not
only by HSV-1, but also by EB virus. Patients infected by EB virus were more likely to relapse. The onset season was more common in winter. The incidence of viral keratitis in different gender and age group is not significantly different. (Ophthalmol CHN, 2015, 24: 123-127)

Inhibitory effect of TCDD on experimental allergic conjunctivitis in mice

ZHANG Li-na, ZHANG Jun, LIU Sen-yu

2015, 24(2):  128-131.  doi:10. 13281/j. cnki. issn.1004-4469. 2015. 02. 013

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Objective To investigate the inhibitory effect of TCDD on experimental allergic conjunctivitis (EAC) in mice. Design Experimental study. Participants Twenty-four female BALB/c mice were divided into 2 groups randomly, TCDD group and control group. Methods BALB/c mice were injected 1μg of TCDD 1 day before immunization with ragweed (RW). The control group was injected with equal olive oil. Ten days after immunization, the mice eyes were dropped with RW-containing eye drops. The clinical manifestation of the eyes include eyelid hyperemia and edema, tears were observed. The mice were sacrificed 24 hours latter. The eyes balls and the eyelids were removed for pathological analysis. The number of eosinophil infiltration was counted. The spleens were removed and the lymphocytes were isolated, and stimulated by the specific antigen Ragweed and anti-CD3mAb respectively. IL4, IL-5, IFN-γ, IL-10 were measured by ELISA, and the cell proliferation reaction was detected with 3H-TdR incorporation by liquid scintillation counting pulses per minute value determination apparatus. Main Outcome Measures Clinical manifestation of the eyes include eyelid hyperemia and edema, tears. Expression of cytokines (IL-4, IL-5, IFN-γ, IL-10) and the proliferation response. Results There were no obvious clinical symptoms found in TCDD group. While the control group mice appeared different degree of tears, conjunctival congestion and others. IL-4 and IL-5 didn’t be detected in TCDD group and (5.34±0.82) pg/ml, (3.56 ±0.11)pg/ml in control group respectively (t=2.3, P=0.025). After stimulation with anti-CD3mAb, the production of IL-4 and IL-5 were (2.31±0.49) pg/ml, (3.16±0.66) pg/ml in TCDD group and (2.8±1.12) pg/ml, (4.3±0.89) pg/ml in control group (t=0.15, P=0.078). The cell proliferation reaction after RW antigen stimulated were (300±13) cpm and (1500±15) cpm respectively in TCDD group and control group (P=0.01), and (15 500±550) cpm, (16 700±670) cpm after anti-CD3mAb stimulation (P=0.071). Conclusions TCDD inhibits the development of experimental allergic conjunctivitis in mice. (Ophthalmol CHN, 2015, 24: 128-131)

The teaching experience of ophthalmology for international undergraduate students

AI Li-kun, WU Yi, HU Yi-bo, WANG Jia-nan

2015, 24(2):  134-135.  doi:10.13281/j.cnki.issn.1004-4469.2015.02.020

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To provide a more efficient way to medical education of ophthalmology for international students, 17 students were invited to evaluate the current ophthalmology courses by filling a questionnaire. About 60% of the students choose good or excellent as general evaluation. These oversea students prefer more discussion and more case analysis in the class, more international patient base will be helpful to the future carries of the oversea students. （Ophthalmol CHN, 2015, 24: 134-135)

Glaucoma care: from hospital to community

LIANG Yuan-bo, OU Wen, FANG Ai-wu

2015, 24(2):  143-144.  doi:10. 13281/j. cnki. issn.1004-4469. 2015. 02. 025

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Glaucoma is the important leading cause of irreversible blindness. It was estimated that there is 15 million glaucoma in China, while 90% of them were undiagnosed. Community-based screening and intervention should be stressed. To improve of the adherence of glaucoma treatment or follow-up, community clinic and less-dependence of experts would play an important role. Glaucoma care shifting from the hospital to the community is an inevitable way to achieve eye care for all citizen. (Ophthalmol CHN, 2015, 24: 143-144)